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+ CAPS 391 > Muscular System - Lower Limb > Flashcards

Muscular System - Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is medial epicondylitis (golf elbow)?

A

forceful and repeated bending of the wrist and fingers that cause tiny ruptures of common flexor tendon

golfing is only one of the causes of pain at this bone

in the golf swing, flexor muscles and tendons must tighten to hit the ball

similar tasks that require repeated bending of the wrist, gripping, grasping, and turning the hand

small tears in muscle begin to heal but when re-injured by continued use, become painful

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2
Q

What are symptoms of medial epicondylitis?

A

symptoms include tenderness and pain at medial epicondyle, made worse by flexing the wrist

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3
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)?

A

common extensor tendon becomes painful and tender,
usually as a result of a specific strain, overuse, or a direct bang

sometimes no specific cause is found

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4
Q

What are symptoms of lateral epicondylitis?

A

tenderness and pain of outer part of lateral

epicondyle

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5
Q

Muscles of Gluteal Region

What are the 2 groups?

A

superficial group: mainly extensor and abductor of hip joint

deep group: mainly lateral rotator of hip joint

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6
Q

Muscles of Gluteal Region

What are the muscles innervated by?

A

branches of sacral plexus

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7
Q

Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region

What are the 4 muscles of this group?

A

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia lata

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8
Q

Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region

Gluteus Maximus

  • origin
  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: sacroiliac crest - ilium, posterior to posterior gluteal line, posterior surface of sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament

I: gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract

MA: extension of hip joint

N: inferior gluteal nerve

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9
Q

Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region

What is the iliotibial tract?
What does it attach to?

A

thickening of deep fascia of thigh (fascia lata) on lateral side – attaches to lateral tibial condyle

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10
Q

Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region

Gluteus Medius

  • origin
  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines

I: lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur

MA: abduction of hip joint

N: superior gluteal nerve

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11
Q

Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region

Gluteus Minimus

  • origin
  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: external surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

I: anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur

MA: abduction of hip joint

N: superior gluteal nerve

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12
Q

Muscles of Superficial Group of Gluteal Region

Tensor Fascia Lata

  • origin
  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: anterior part of iliac crest and ASIS

I: iliotibial tract

MA:

  • flexion of hip joint
  • medial rotation of hip joint
  • abduction of hip joint

N: superior gluteal nerve

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13
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region

What are the 5 muscles of this group?

A 
piriformis
superior gemellus
obturator internus
inferior gemellus
quadratus femoris
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14
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region

Piriformis

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: lateral rotation of hip joint

N: anterior rami of S1 and S2 (sacral plexus)

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15
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region

Superior Gemellus

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: lateral rotation of hip joint

N: nerve to obturator internus (sacral plexus)

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16
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region

Obturator Internus

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: lateral rotation of hip joint

N: nerve to obturator internus (sacral plexus)

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17
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region

Inferior Gemellus

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: lateral rotation of hip joint

N: nerve to quadratus femoris (sacral plexus)

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18
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Gluteal Region

Quadratus Femoris

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: lateral rotation of hip joint

N: nerve to quadratus femoris (sacral plexus)

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19
Q

Muscles of Thigh

What are the 3 compartments?

A

anterior compartment: mainly extensors of knee joint

medial compartment: mainly adductors of hip joint

posterior compartment: (hamstrings) mainly flexors of knee joint

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20
Q

Muscles of Thigh

What are the 3 compartments made by?

A

made by femur and extensions of deep fascia of thigh attaching to femur

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21
Q

Muscles of Thigh

What is the anterior compartment innervated by?

A

femoral nerves

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22
Q

Muscles of Thigh

What is the medial compartment innervated by?

A

obturator nerve (mostly)

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23
Q

Muscles of Thigh

What is the posterior compartment innervated by?

A

sciatic nerve

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24
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh

What are the 4 muscles of this compartment?

A

psoas major
iliacus
sartorius
quadriceps - rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

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25
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh

Psoas Major

  • origin
  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae and intervening discs

I: lesser trochanter of femur

MA: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint

N: anterior rami of L1-L3

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26
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh

Iliacus

  • origin
  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: iliac fossa

I: lesser trochanter of femur

MA: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint

N: femoral nerve

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27
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh

Sartorius

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA:

  • flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of hip joint
  • flexion and medial rotation of knee joint

N: femoral nerve

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28
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh

Quadriceps

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA:

  • extension of knee joint
  • flexion of hip joint (rectus femoris ONLY)

N: femoral nerve

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29
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Thigh

What is the iliopsoas muscle? What is it formed by?

A

main flexor of hip joint

formed by psoas major + iliacus muscles

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30
Q

Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh

What are the 6 muscles of this compartment?

A 
pectineus
gracilis
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
obturator externus
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31
Q

Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh

Pectineus

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: adduction and flexion of hip joint

N: femoral nerve

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32
Q

Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh

Gracilis

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA:

  • adduction of hip joint
  • flexion of knee joint

N: obturator nerve

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33
Q

Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh

Adductor Longus

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: adduction of hip joinT

N: obturator nerve

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34
Q

Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh

Adductor Brevis

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: adduction of hip joint

N: obturator nerve

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35
Q

Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh

Adductor Magnus - Adductor Part

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: adduction of hip joint

N: obturator nerve

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36
Q

Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh

Adductor Magnus - Hamstring Part

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: extension of hip joint

N: tibial nerve

37
Q

Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh

Obturator Externus

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: lateral rotation of hip joint

N: obturator nerve

38
Q

Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh

What is the adductor hiatus?

A

opening between two insertions of adductor magnus muscle (adductor tubercle)

passage for femoral artery and vein

39
Q

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh - Hamstrings

What are the 3 muscles of this compartment?

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

40
Q

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh - Hamstrings

Biceps Femoris - Long Head

  • origin
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: ischial tuberosity

MA:

  • flexion and lateral rotation of knee
  • extension of hip joint

N: tibial nerve

41
Q

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh - Hamstrings

Biceps Femoris - Short Head

  • origin
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur

MA:

  • flexion and lateral rotation of knee
  • extension of hip joint

N: common fibular nerve

42
Q

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh - Hamstrings

Semitendinosus

  • origin
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: ischial tuberosity

MA:

  • flexion and medial rotation of knee
  • extension of hip joint

N: tibial nerve

43
Q

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Thigh - Hamstrings

Semimembranosus

  • origin
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: ischial tuberosity

MA:

  • flexion and medial rotation of knee
  • extension of hip joint

N: tibial nerve

44
Q

Muscles of Leg

What are the 3 compartments?

A

anterior: dorsi flexors of ankle joint, extensors of toes, and inverters of foot

posterior:
- superior: mainly plantar flexors of ankle joint
- deep: mainly flexors of toes

lateral: mainly evertor of ankle joint

45
Q

Muscles of Leg

What are the 3 compartments made by?

A

made by tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane and extensions of deep fascia of leg attaching to fibula

46
Q

Muscles of Leg

What is the anterior compartment innervated by?

A

deep fibular nerve

47
Q

Muscles of Leg

What is the posterior compartment innervated by?

A

tibial nerve

48
Q

Muscles of Leg

What is the lateral compartment innervated by?

A

superficial fibular nerve

49
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg

What are the 4 muscles?

A

tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum
fibularis tertius

50
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg

Tibialis Anterior

  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

I: medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

MA:

  • dorsi flexion of ankle joint
  • inversion of foot

N: deep fibular

51
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg

Extensor Hallucis Longus

  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

I: base of distal phalanx of BIG TOE

MA:

  • dorsi flexion of ankle joint
  • extension of 1st metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of big toe

N: deep fibular

52
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg

Extensor Digitorum

  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

I: middle and distal phalanges of TOES 2-5 via dorsal digital expansion

MA:

  • dorsi flexion of ankle joint
  • extension of metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of toes 2-5

N: deep fibular

53
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg

Fibularis Tertius

  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

I: dorsal surface of base of 5th metatarsal bone

MA:

  • dorsi flexion of ankle joint
  • eversion of foot

N: deep fibular

54
Q

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg

What is the extensor hood (or dorsal digital expansion)?

What is the origin?

What is the insertion?

A

triangular expansion on dorsal aspect of proximal phalanges, formed by expansion of tendons of extensor digitorum longus muscle

O: tendons of lumbricals and interossei muscles

I: middle and distal phalanges

55
Q

Muscles of Superficial Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg

What are the 3 muscles of this group?

A

gaastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

56
Q

Muscles of Superficial Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg

Gastrocnemius

  • origin
  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O:

  • medial head: superior to medial femoral condyle
  • lateral head: lateral to lateral femoral condyle

I: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

MA:

  • plantar flexion of ankle joint
  • flexes knee joint

N: tibial nerve

57
Q

Muscles of Superficial Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg

Soleus

  • origin
  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: head and upper part of posterior surface of fibular shaft and soleal line of tibia

I: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

MA: plantar flexion of ankle joint

N: tibial nerve

58
Q

Muscles of Superficial Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg

Plantaris

  • origin
  • insertion
  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

O: lower part of lateral supracondylar line

I: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

MA: plantar flexion of ankle joint

N: tibial nerve

59
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg

What are the 4 muscles of this group?

A

flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
tibialis posterior
popliteus

60
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg

Flexor Digitorum Longus

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: flexion of metatarsophalangeal, proximal, and distal interphalangeal joint of toes 2-5

N: tibial nerve

61
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg

Flexor Hallucis Longus

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: flexion of metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints of big toe

N: tibial nerve

62
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg

Tibialis Posterior

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: inversion of foot and plantar flexion of ankle joint

N: tibial nerve

63
Q

Muscles of Deep Group of Posterior Compartment of Leg

Popliteus

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: flexion and medial rotation of knee joint (key to unlocking knee)

N: tibial nerve

64
Q

Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Leg

What are the 2 muscles of this compartment?

A

fibularis longus

fibularis brevis

65
Q

Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Leg

Fibularis Longus

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: eversion of foot

N: superficial fibular nerve

66
Q

Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Leg

Fibularis Brevis

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA: eversion of foot

N: superficial fibular nerve

67
Q

Muscles of Sole of Foot (First Layer)

What are the 3 muscles of this group?

What are their main functions?

A

adductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

  • abduct 1st or 5th toes
  • flex lateral four toes
68
Q

Muscles of Sole of Foot (Second Layer)

What are the 2 types of muscles of this group?

What are their main functions?

A

lumbricals
quadratus plantae

  • flex lateral four toes
69
Q

Muscles of Sole of Foot (Second Layer)

What are the 2 tendons of this group?

A

flexor hallucis longus

flexor digitorum longus

70
Q

Muscles of Sole of Foot (Third Layer)

What are the 3 muscles of this group?

What are their main functions?

A

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis

  • flex 1st or 5th toes
  • adduct 1st toe
71
Q

Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer)

What are the 2 types of muscles of this group?

What are their main functions?

A

dorsal interossei
plantar interossei

  • abduct or adduct toes
72
Q

Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer)

What are the tendons of this group?

A

tendons of tibialis posterior, and fibularis longus muscles

73
Q

What are the muscles of the sole of the foot involved in maintaining?

A

arches of the foot

74
Q

What are the muscles of the sole of the foot innervated by?

A

medial or lateral plantar nerves

75
Q

Where are the muscles of the sole of the foot located?

A

deep to plantar aponeurosis (thickening of deep fascia of sole of foot), which protects soft tissues of this region and assists in maintaining foot arches

76
Q

Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer)

Dorsal Interossei

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA:

  • ABDUCTION of metatarsophalangeal joints
  • extension of interphalangeal joints of toes 2-4

N: lateral and medial plantar nerves

77
Q

Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer)

Plantar Interossei

  • main action(s)
  • nerve
A

MA:

  • ADDUCTION of metatarsophalangeal joints
  • extension of interphalangeal joints of toes 3-5

N: lateral and medial plantar nerves

78
Q

What are the 3 transitional areas of the lower limb?

A

femoral triangle
popliteal fossa
tarsal tunnel

79
Q

Femoral Triangle - Transitional Area of Lower Limb

What is the triangle formed by?

A

inguinal ligament (superiorly), sartorius muscle (laterally), and adductor longus muscle (medially)

80
Q

Femoral Triangle - Transitional Area of Lower Limb

What does the triangle contain?

A

femoral vein, artery, and nerve (from medial to lateral)

81
Q

Femoral Triangle - Transitional Area of Lower Limb

What does the apex continue with?

A

apex points inferiorly, and continues with adductor canal (muscular canal)

82
Q

Femoral Triangle - Transitional Area of Lower Limb

How is the triangle connected to the popliteal fossa?

A

distal end of adductor canal opens to popliteal fossa via adductor hiatus (opening between two insertions of adductor magnus muscle)

83
Q

Femoral Triangle - Transitional Area of Lower Limb

What is the adductor hiatus?

A

opening between two insertions of adductor magnus muscle

84
Q

Popliteal Fossa - Transitional Area of Lower limb

What is the shape and location of the fossa?

A

diamond-shaped area located behind knee joint

85
Q

Popliteal Fossa - Transitional Area of Lower limb

What is the fossa bounded by?

A

hamstring muscles (superiorly), and lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius muscle (inferiorly)

86
Q

Popliteal Fossa - Transitional Area of Lower limb

What does the fossa contain?

A

popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial, and common fibular nerves

87
Q

Tarsal Tunnel - Transitional Area of Lower limb

What is the tarsal tunnel?

A

fibro-osseous tunnel

88
Q

Tarsal Tunnel - Transitional Area of Lower limb

What is the tunnel made by?

A

medial malleolus and flexor retinaculum (thickening of deep fascia) medial to ankle

89
Q

Tarsal Tunnel - Transitional Area of Lower limb

What does the tunnel contain?

A

tendons of deep muscles of posterior compartment of leg (except popliteus), tibial nerve, and posterior tibial artery and vein

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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