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+ CAPS 391 > Peripheral Nervous System (Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Nerve Plexus) > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System (Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Nerve Plexus) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

collection of nerve fibers and ganglia

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2
Q

What are ganglia?

A

aggregations of neuronal cell bodies

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3
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • autonomic (visceral) nerve fibers
  • associated sensory and autonomic ganglia
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4
Q

Cranial Nerves

What are the first 2 pairs of cranial nerves?

A

extensions of the cerebrum

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5
Q

Cranial Nerves

What are the last 10 pairs of cranial nerves?

A

their nuclei are within the brainstem

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6
Q

Cranial Nerves

What type of nuclei are in the last 10 pairs of the cranial nerves?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • autonomic (parasympathetic)
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7
Q

Cranial Nerves

What is the sensory nuclei of the cranial nerves equivalent to in the spinal cord?

A

posterior horn

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8
Q

Cranial Nerves

What is the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves equivalent to in the spinal cord?

A

anterior horn

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9
Q

Cranial Nerves

What is the parasympathetic nuclei of the cranial nerves comparable to in the spinal cord?

A

lateral horn in S2-S4 segments

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10
Q

Cranial Nerves

What are the sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves similar to in the spinal nerves?

A

similar to dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves

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11
Q

Cranial Nerves

Where do cranial nerves pass through?

A

different openings at the base of the neurocranium

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12
Q

Cranial Nerves

Where are all the cranial nerves?

A

distributed in the head and neck

EXCEPT: CN X (vagus), which distributes in the thorax and abdomen too

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13
Q

CN I

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: olfactory

Components: sensory

Function: olfaction

Opening of the Skull: cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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14
Q

CN II

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: optic

Components: sensory

Function: vision

Opening of the Skull: optic canal

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15
Q

CN III

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: oculomotor

Components: motor and autonomic

Function: 5 of the extra ocular muscles, ciliary muscle, and sphincter pupil

Opening of the Skull: superior orbital fissure

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16
Q

CN IV

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: trochlear

Components: motor

Function: one of the extra ocular muscles

Opening of the Skull: superior orbital fissure

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17
Q

CN V: Trigeminal - first division

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: opthalmic division

Components: sensory

Function: mainly cornea, skin of anterior scalp, upper eyelids, and nose

Opening of the Skull: superior orbital fissure

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18
Q

CN V: Trigeminal - second division

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: maxillary division

Components: sensory

Function: mainly skin of face between lower eyelid and upper lip, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, upper teeth, and palates

Opening of the Skull: foramen rotundum

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19
Q

CN V: Trigeminal - third division

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: mandibular division

Components: sensory and motor

Function: mainly skin covering the mandible and lateral scalp, lower teeth, oral cavity (except palates), and muscles of mastication

Opening of the Skull: foramen ovale

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20
Q

CN VI

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: abducent

Components: motor

Function: one of the extra ocular muscles

Opening of the Skull: superior orbital fissure

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21
Q

CN VII

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: facial

Components: sensory, motor, and autonomic

Function: tase of the anterior 2/3’s of the tongue, muscles of facial expression, submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands

Opening of the Skull: internal acoustic (auditory) meatus

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22
Q

CN VIII

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: vestibulocochlear

Components: sensory

Function: hearing and balance

Opening of the Skull: internal acoustic (auditory) meatus

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23
Q

CN IX

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: glossopharyngeal

Components: sensory, motor, and autonomic

Function:

  • taste and general sensation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, stylopharyngeus msucle
  • general sensation of the oropharynx, carotid sinus, and carotid body

Opening of the Skull: jugular foramen

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24
Q

CN X

  • name
  • components
  • function
  • opening of skull
A

Name: vagus

Components: sensory, motor, and autonomic

Function:

  • general sensation of larynx, laryngopharynx, and trachea, pharyngeal muscles (except stylopharyngeus),
  • parasympathetic innervation of lungs, heaart, and parts of gastrointestinal tract

Opening of the Skull: jugular foramen

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25
CN XI - name - components - function - opening of skull
Name: accessory Components: motor Function: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius Opening of the Skull: jugular foramen
26
CN XII - name - components - function - opening of skull
Name: hypoglossal Components: motor Function: muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus) Opening of the Skull: hypoglossal canal
27
Spinal Nerves Where do spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal?
through the corresponding foramina
28
Spinal Nerves What are spinal nerves associated with?
segments of the spinal cord
29
Spinal Nerves How is each spinal nerve connected to the spinal cord?
by ventral (anterior) root and dorsal (posterior) root
30
Spinal Nerves What do ventral roots arise from? What do they carry?
ventral horn of spinal cord carries motor (efferent) fibers
31
Spinal Nerves What do dorsal roots arise from? What do they carry?
dorsal horn of spinal cord carries sensory (afferent) fibers
32
Spinal Nerves What type of nerve is the spinal nerve? Why?
mixed (motor and sensory) nerve it is formed by the union of the motor (ventral) and sensory (dorsal) roots
33
Spinal Nerves When do spinal nerves split? What do they split into?
immediately after emerging from the vertebral canal splits into ventral (anterior) and dorsal (dorsal) ramus/branch
34
Spinal Nerves What are somatic nerve plexuses?
present in cervical, lumbar, and sacral regions formed by ventral (anterior) rami
35
Spinal Nerves Are ventral or dorsal rami thicker?
ventral
36
Spinal Nerves What are the intercostal nerves?
ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves T1-T11
37
Spinal Nerves What is the subcostal nerve?
ventral ramus of thoracic spinal nerve T12
38
Spinal Nerves Do intercostal nerves form a distinct nerve plexus?
no
39
Spinal Nerves What do dorsal rami supply?
paravertebral musculature and the overlying skin
40
Spinal Nerves Where does the spinal cord end?
at the level of vertebra LI-LII since the spinal cord ends there, ventral and dorsal roots of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves descend to the respective foramina before emerging from the vertebral canal
41
Spinal Nerves What is the cauda equina (horse's tail)?
bundle of roots since the spinal cord ends at the level of vertebra LI-LII, ventral and dorsal roots of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves descend to the respective foramina before emerging from the vertebral canal
42
Spinal Nerves How are spinal nerves named?
after the spinal cord segments that give rise to them
43
Spinal Nerves cervical spinal nerves
C1-C8 - emerge from vertebral canal above the corresponding cervical vertebrae - C8 passes between vertebra CVII and TI - ventral rami of these nerves form either cervical (C1-C4) or brachial (C5-T1) plexuses
44
Spinal Nerves thoracic spinal nerves
T1-T12 - exit from vertebral canal below the corresponding thoracic vertebrae - intercostal nerves (the ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves) travel in intercostal and abdominal muscles, and the skin of the ventral aspect of the trunk - ventral ramus of spinal nerve T1 contributes in brachial plexus
45
Spinal Nerves lumbar spinal nerves
L1-L5 - exit from vertebral canal below the corresponding lumbar vertebrae - ventral rami of these nerves form lumbar plexus (L1-L4) and contribute in sacral plexus
46
Spinal Nerves sacral spinal nerves
S1-S5 - emerge from vertebral canal through the corresponding sacral foramina - ventral rami of these nerves form the sacral plexus (L4-S4) and contribute in coccygeal plexus
47
Spinal Nerves coccygeal spinal nerves
Co - pair of spinal nerves - ventral rami forms coccygeal plexus with contribution from sacral nerves S4 and S5
48
Spinal Nerves What is the dermatome?
area of the skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve or spinal cord segment
49
Spinal Nerves What is the myotome?
part of the skeletal muscle that is innervated by a single spinal nerve or spinal cord segment
50
Nerve Plexuses What are nerve plexuses?
intertwined network of nerve fibers
51
Nerve Plexuses What are the somatic plexuses formed by?
ventral rami of the spinal nerves (except T2-T11 nerves)
52
Nerve Plexuses What are the visceral (autonomic) plexuses formed by?
autonomic nerve fibers
53
Nerve Plexuses What do ventral rami in somatic plexuses do?
communicate with each other and redistribute their fibers - each branch of the somatic plexus carries fibers from several spinal nerves - fibers from each ventral ramus distributes via several different branches
54
Nerve Plexuses - Cervical Where is the cervical plexus?
deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
55
Nerve Plexuses - Cervical What is the cervical plexus composed of?
nerve loops formed by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves C1-C4
56
Nerve Plexuses - Cervical What are the 2 branches of the cervical plexus?
cutaneous | motor
57
Nerve Plexuses - Cervical Cutaneous Branch - name - distribution
Name: - Distribution: posterior scalp, auricle, ventral and lateral aspects of the neck
58
Nerve Plexuses - Cervical Motor Branch (2) - name - distribution
Name: ansa cervicalis Distribution: most of the infrahyoid muscles ------------ Name: phrenic Distribution: diaphragm
59
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial What is the brachial plexus?
major network that supplies the upper limb
60
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial What is the brachial plexus formed by?
union of ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1, which are considered as the roots of the plexus
61
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial What do the roots of the plexus join to form?
upper (superior), middle, and lower (inferior) trunks
62
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Describe the upper (superior), middle, and lower (inferior) trunks.
- each trunk divides into anterior and posterior division | - these divisions unite to form lateral, medial, and posterior cords of the brachial plexus
63
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Where are the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus?
in neck region
64
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Where are the divisions and cords of the brachial plexus?
mainly contained within axilla
65
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial What are the main branches (nerves) of the brachial plexus? (15)
- long thoracic - dorsal scapular - suprascapular - lateral pectoral - musculocutaneous - median - medial pectoral - medial cutaneous nerve of arm - medial cutaneous nerve of forearm - ulnar - upper subscapular - thoracodorsal - lower subscapular - axillary - radial
66
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Long Thoracic Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: roots (C5-C7) Course: runs on lateral aspect of thoracic wall Distribution: serratus anterior muscle
67
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Dorsal Scapular Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: root C5 Course: descends on the medial border of scapula Distribution: rhomboids and levator scapula muscles
68
(don't need to know) Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Suprascapular Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: superior trunk Course: enters supraspinous fossa and passes to infraspinous fossa Distribution: supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
69
(don't need to know) Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Lateral Pectoral Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: lateral cord Course: pierces pectoralis minor muscle and enters pectoralis major muscle Distribution: pectoralis major and minor muscles
70
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Musculocutaneous Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: lateral cord Course: penetrates coracobrachialis muscle and descends in anterior arm Distribution: - muscles of anterior compartment of arm - skin of lateral aspect of forearm
71
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Median Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: medial and lateral cords Course: passes the anterior arm, cubital fossa, anterior forearm, and through carpal tunnel to enter hand Distribution: - all muscles of anterior compartment of forearm (except 1 1⁄2 muscles), thenar muscles, and first and second lumbricals - skin of lateral 2/3's of palm of hand, and most of lateral 3 1⁄2 fingers
72
(don't need to know) Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Medial Pectoral Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: medial cord Course: pierces pectoralis minor muscle and enters pectoralis major muscle Distribution: pectoralis major and minor muscles
73
(don't need to know) Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Medial Cutaneous Nerve of Arm - origin - course - distribution
Origin: medial cord Course: runs along medial side of arm Distribution: most of skin of medial side of arm
74
(don't need to know) Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Medial Cutaneous Nerve of Forearm - origin - course - distribution
Origin: medial cord Course: descends on medial side of forearm Distribution: skin of medial side of forearm
75
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Ulnar Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: medial cord Course: travels on medial side of arm, passes behind medial epicondyle, descends on medial side of forearm, passes in front of carpal tunnel and enters hand Distribution: - 1 1⁄2 muscles in anterior forearm, hypothenar and interosseous muscles, the third and fourth lumbricals - skin of medial 1/3 of palmar and dorsal aspects of hand, medial 1 1⁄2 fingers
76
(don't need to know) Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Upper Subscapular Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: posterior cord Course: runs on posterior wall of axilla Distribution: subscapularis muscle
77
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Thoracodorsal Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: posterior cord Course: runs on posterior wall of axilla Distribution: latissimus dorsi muscle
78
(don't need to know) Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Lower Subscapular Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: posterior cord Course: runs on posterior wall of axilla Distribution: subscapularis and teres major muscles
79
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Axillary Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: posterior cord Course: winds around surgical neck of humerus Distribution: - deltoid and teres minor muscles - lower part of skin covering deltoid muscle
80
Nerve Plexuses - Brachial Radial Nerve - origin - course - distribution
Origin: posterior cord Course: travels through radial groove, enters cubital fossa, divides into a deep (motor) and a superficial (cutaneous) branch Distribution: - muscle of posterior compartments of arm and forearm - skin of posterior aspect of arm and forearm, plus lateral 2/3's of posterior aspect of hand
81
Nerve Plexuses - Lumbar What is the lumbar plexus formed by? Where?
ventral rami of spinal nerves L1-L4 deep to psoas major muscle on the posterior abdominal wall
82
Nerve Plexuses - Lumbar What do the branches of the lumbar plexus do?
contribute in innervation of the muscles and skin of the lower limb
83
Nerve Plexuses - Lumbar What are the 5 main branches (nerves) of the lumbar plexus?
- iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal - genitofemoral - lateral femoral cutaneous - obturator - femoral
84
Nerve Plexuses - Lumbar Iliohypogastric and Ilioinhuinal Nerve - course - distribution
Course: follows the abdominal wall from posterior to anterior Distribution: - small contribution in innervations of anterolateral abdominal wall muscles - skin of pubic and inguinal regions
85
(don't need to know) Nerve Plexuses - Lumbar Genitofemoral Nerve - course - distribution
Course: descends anterior to psoas major muscle Distribution: - cremaster muscle - skin of upper anterior aspect of thigh
86
Nerve Plexuses - Lumbar Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve - course - distribution
Course: passes medial to the anterior superior iliac spine, deep to inguinal ligament, and enters the lateral thigh Distribution: skin of lateral side of thigh
87
Nerve Plexuses - Lumbar Obturator Nerve - course - distribution
Course: descends medial to psoas major muscle Distribution: muscles of medial compartment of thigh, and skin of medial side of thigh
88
Nerve Plexuses - Lumbar Femoral Nerve - course - distribution
Course: descends lateral to psoas major muscle, deep to inguinal ligament, and enters thigh Distribution: - muscles of anterior compartment of thigh and iliacus muscle - skin of anterior and medial aspects of thigh, medial aspects of leg and foot
89
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral What is the sacral plexus formed by?
union of ventral rami of spinal nerves L4-S4 in front of posterior pelvic wall
90
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral What is the lumbosacral trunk formed by?
part of ventral ramus of spinal nerve L4 and entire ventral ramus of spinal nerve L5 unit
91
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral What does the lumbosacral trunk contribute to?
sacral plexus
92
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral What do the branches of the sacral plexus do?
supply majority of the muscles and skin of lower limb
93
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral What are the 6 main branches (nerves) of the sacral plexus?
- superior gluteal - inferior gluteal - nerves to deep gluteal muscles - posterior femoral cutaneous - pudendal - sciatic (tibial nerve, common fibular nerve, deep fibular nerve, and superficial fibular nerve)
94
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral Superior Gluteal Nerve - course - distribution
Course: leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen to enter gluteal region Distribution: gluteus medius, minimus, and tensor fascia lata muscles
95
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral Inferior Gluteal Nerve - course - distribution
Course: leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen to enter gluteal region Distribution: gluteus maximus muscle
96
(don't need to know) Nerve Plexuses - Sacral Nerves to Deep Gluteal Muscles - course - distribution
Course: leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen to enter gluteal region Distribution: deep gluteal muscles
97
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve - course - distribution
Course: leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen to enter gluteal and posterior thigh regions Distribution: skin of posterior aspect of thigh
98
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral Pudendal Nerve - course - distribution
Course: leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen, enters gluteal region, and passes into perineum through lesser sciatic foramen Distribution: - muscles of perineum - skin of perineum
99
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral Sciatic Nerve - course
Course: leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen, enters gluteal region, descends in posterior thigh, and splits above popliteal fossa into tibial and common fibular nerves
100
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral What are the tibial and common fibular nerves that the sciatic nerve splits into? (4)
- tibial nerve - common fibular nerve - deep fibular nerve - superficial fibular nerve
101
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral Sciatic Nerve - Tibial Nerve - course - distribution
Course: descends through popliteal fossa, posterior leg, behind medial malleolus, and enters sole of foot and divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves Distribution: - hamstring muscles (except short head of biceps femoris), muscles of posterior compartment of leg, muscles of sole of foot - most of the skin of posterior aspect of leg and dorsum of foot
102
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral Sciatic Nerve - Common Fibular Nerve - course - distribution
Course: descends through popliteal fossa, winds around the neck of fibula and divides into deep and superficial fibular nerves Distribution: - muscles of anterior compartment of leg and dorsum of foot - skin of the web of big toe - muscles of lateral compartment of leg - skin of dorsum of foot (except web of big toe)
103
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral Sciatic Nerve - Deep Fibular Nerve - course - distribution
Course: descends in anterior leg and enters the dorsum of foot Distribution: - muscles of anterior compartment of leg and dorsum of foot - skin of the web of big toe
104
Nerve Plexuses - Sacral Sciatic Nerve - Superficial Fibular Nerve - course - distribution
Course: descends in lateral leg and superficially enters the dorsum of foot Distribution: - muscles of lateral compartment of leg - skin of dorsum of foot (except web of big toe)

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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