Intro to Anatomical Terms Flashcards
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides body into left and right parts
midsagittal plane
vertical plane that divides body into left and right parts, through the midline
parasagittal plane
vertical plane that divides body into left and right parts, NOT through the midline (asymmetric)
frontal plane
coronal plane
vertical plane that divides boy into front and back parts
transverse plane
horizontal plane
divides body into upper and lower parts
medial vs. lateral
closer to midline (midsagittal plane)
farther from midline (midsagittal plane)
anterior (ventral) vs. posterior (dorsal)
closer to front of body
(in reference to frontal plane)
closer to back of body
(in reference to frontal plane)
superior (cranial) vs. inferior (caudal)
closer to head
(in reference to transverse plane)
closer to feet
(in reference to transverse plane)
proximal vs. distal
closer to root of the structure (ie. arm is proximal to forearm)
farther from root of the structure (ie. ankle is distal to knee)
superficial vs. deep (profundus)
closer to surface of body
away from body surface
ipsilateral vs. contralateral
on same side of body
on opposite sides of body
internal vs. external
inside body cavity
outside body cavity
palm vs. dorsum
anterior aspect of hand
posterior aspect of hand
sole (plantar) vs. dorsum
inferior aspect of foot (ie. thick skin of sole of foot)
posterior aspect of foot
flexion vs. extension
(occurs in sagittal planes)
bending or decreasing angle between parts of the body
straightening or increasing angle between parts of the body
abduction vs. adduction
(occurs in frontal planes)
moving away from midline or axis of body parts
moving toward midline or axis of body parts
What is the axis of the hand?
passes through 3rd finger and metacarpal bone
What is the axis of the foot?
passes through 2nd toe and metatarsal bone
medial rotation vs. lateral rotation
(occurs in transverse planes)
turning body part around its long axis toward midline
turning body part around its long axis away from midline
circumduction
circular movement of body parts combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and/or rotations
supination vs. pronation
rotation of forearm so that palm of hand faces forward
rotation of forearm so that palm of hand faces backward
eversion vs. inversion
turning sole of foot outward
turning sole of foot inward
plantar flexion vs. dorsi flexion
moving foot away from shin (flexion of ankle joint)
moving foot toward shin (extension of ankle joint)
elevation vs. depression
upward movement of body part
downward movement of body part
protraction vs. retraction
forward movement of body part
backward movement of body part
opposition
movement of thumb to touch the other fingers’ tip
What are the body organization levels?
(chemical level)
atoms → molecules →
(cellular level) organelle → smooth muscle cell →
(tissue level) smooth muscle tissue →
(organ level) organ →
(organ system level) →
(organismal level)
What is the integumentary system?
forms external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury
What does the integumentary system synthesize?
vitamin D
What does the integumentary system house?
- cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors
- sweat and oil glands
What is the composition of the integumentary system?
skin and its appendages
- hair
- nail
- sweat gland
- sebaceous gland
- erector pilli muscles
- subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
What is the function of the integumentary system? (3)
protect body against fluid loss, injury, and infection
- sweat glands and blood vessels in this system contribute in body temperature regulation
- sensory organs embedded in skin collect information from external environment
What are the major body regions? (5)
- head (cephalon)
- neck (cervicis)
- trunk
- upper limb
- lower limb
What does the head consist of?
- cranium (skull)
- facial (face)
What does the trunk consist of?
- back
- thorax (thoracis) / chest
- abdomen
- pelvis
What do the upper limbs consist of?
- shoulder (pectoral, scapular, deltoid, axilla)
- arm (brachium)
- elbow
- forearm (antebrachium)
- hand/manus (carpus/wrist, metacarpus, digits/fingers)
What is the thumb called?
pollex
What is the index finger called?
indicis
What is the little finger (pinky) called?
digitus minimus
What do the lower limbs consist of?
- gluteal
- thigh (femoral)
- knee
- leg (crus)
- foot/pes (tarsus/ankle, metatarsus, digits/toes)
What is the big toe called?
Hallux
What is the little toe (pinky) called?
digitus minimus
4 region abdominal pattern
medial/midsagittal vertical line and transumbilical (horizontal line) cross each other at umbilicus (navel)
- right upper quadrant
- left upper quadrant
- right lower quadrant
- left lower quadrant
What is located in right upper quadrant?
- right lobe of liver
- gallbladder
- right kidney
- portions of stomach
- small and large intestine
What is located in right lower quadrant?
- cecum
- appendix
- portions of small intestine
- reproductive organs (right ovary in female, right spermatic cord in male)
- right ureter
What is located in left upper quadrant
- left lobe of liver
- stomach
- pancreas
- left kidney
- spleen
- portions of large intestine
What is located in left lower quadrant?
- most of small intestine
- portions of large intestine
- left ureter
- reproductive organs (left ovary in female, left spermatic cord in male)
9 region abdominal pattern
2 midclavicular lines (vertical lines) meet 2 horizontal lines (subcostal and transtubercular)
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
- left lumbar region
- right iliac (inguinal) region
- hypogastric region
- left iliac (inguinal) region
In what abdominal regions is the liver in?
4 pattern
- right upper quadrant
- left upper quadrant
9 pattern
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- right lumbar region
In what abdominal regions is the stomach in?
4 pattern
- right upper quadrant
- left upper quadrant
9 pattern
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- umbilical region
- left lumbar region
In what abdominal regions is the spleen in?
4 pattern
- left upper quadrant
9 pattern
- left hypochondriac region
In what abdominal regions is the gallbladder in?
4 pattern
- right upper quadrant
9 pattern
- umbilical region
In what abdominal regions is the large intestine in?
4 pattern
- right upper quadrant
- left upper quadrant
- left lower quadrant
9 pattern
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
- left lumbar region
- hypogastric region
- left iliac (inguinal) region
In what abdominal regions is the small intestine in?
4 pattern
- right upper quadrant
- right lower quadrant
- left lower quadrant
9 pattern
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
- right iliac (inguinal) region
- hypogastric region
- left iliac (inguinal) region
In what abdominal regions is the appendix in?
4 pattern
- right lower quadrant
9 pattern
- hypogastric region
What are body cavities?
spaces that contain and protect internal organs
How are body cavities classified?
as dorsal or ventral cavities, each divided into certain compartments
superficial fascia (hypodermis)
layer of connective tissue under skin (subcutaneous tissue) that carries superficial veins and sensory nerves
What are superficial veins for?
intravenous (IV) injection
deep fascia
layer of dense, tough connective tissue underneath superficial fascia
- wraps entire body (but not face)
- very well developed in limbs
What are the dorsal body cavities?
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
What are the ventral body cavities?
- thoracic cavity
- abdominopelvic cavity
What are the 2 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity + pelvic cavity
What does the thoracic cavity contain? (3)
- superior mediastinum
- pleural cavity (contains lungs)
- pericardial cavity (contains heart)
What are standard movements? (6)
flexion extension abduction adduction medial rotation lateral rotation
What are special movements?
circumduction supination pronation eversion inversion plantar flexion dorsi flexion elevation depression protraction retraction opposition
What does the cranial cavity contain?
brain
What does the vertebral cavity contain?
spinal cord
What are the parts of the thoracic cavity?
- mediastinum (2 - superior mediastinum, inferior mediastinum)
- pleural cavity
What does the superior mediastinum contain?
trachea and esophagus
What does the inferior mediastinum contain?
heart
What does the pleural cavity contain?
lungs
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
digestive and urinary systems
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
urinary and reproductive systems
