Endocrine System Flashcards by Sarah L

Q

What do the endocrine and nervous systems cooperate together to do?

A

regulate different functions of other organ systems

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Q

Describe the speed of nervous system activation.

A

usually brief and fast

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Q

Describe the speed of endocrine system activation.

A

much broader and targets virtually all organ systems

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Q

What are hormones?

A

secretions of endocrine glands directly released into bloodstream, and circulate throughout body

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Q

What does the endocrine system consist of? (5)

A

major glands including pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, and adrenal glands that produce a wide variety of hormones

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Q

What are the organs that are not considered as glands, but contain cells that produce hormones? (11)

A

heart, liver, pancreas, stomach, intestine, thymus, ovaries, testes, skin, hypothalamus, and placenta

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Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What is the pituitary gland?

A

oval-shaped structure located in hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid bone in middle cranial fossa

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Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What does it attach to?

A

attaches to hypothalamus by (infundibulum) connecting stalk

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Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What does it do?

A

regulates secretions of most of the other glands

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Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What is it controlled by?

A

hormones of hypothalamus

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Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What does it consist of?

A

2 separates lobes:

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What is it supplied by?

A

arterial circle of Willis

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Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What is its function regulated by?

A

primarily regulated by hormonal feedbacks through hypothalamus

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Q

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)

What is the pineal gland?

A

small, red, cone-shaped structure that attaches to posterior wall of third cerebral ventricle

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Q

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)

What does it do?

A

its secretions control circadian rhythm, and distribution of melanin pigments in skin

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Q

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)

What happens to this gland in elderly people?

A

calcified

Q

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)

What is it supplied by?

A

posterior cerebral artery

Q

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)

What is its function controlled by?

A

hormonal feedbacks

Q

Thyroid Gland

What is the thyroid gland?

A

butterfly-shaped thyroid gland is situated in neck, anterior to trachea, and inferior to larynx

Q

Thyroid Gland

What does it consist of?

A

2 lateral lobes connected together by isthmus

Q

Thyroid Gland

What is the isthmus?

A

slender connection anterior to trachea at level of 2nd or 3rd cartilage rings of trachea

Q

Thyroid Gland

What is the pyramidal lobe?

A

small third lobe immediately superior to isthmus, in 50% of individuals

Q

Thyroid Gland

What do the 2 lateral lobes relate to?

A

thyroid and cricoid cartilages medially
common carotid arteries laterally

lobes extend superiorly to inferior border of thyroid cartilage of larynx

Q

Thyroid Gland

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

regulate either metabolic rate of body, or blood calcium level

Parathyroid Gland What are the parathyroid glands?

4 pea-sized reddish brown mass of glandular tissue partially embedded within posterior surface of lateral lobes of thyroid gland

Parathyroid Gland What does parathyroid hormone do?

cooperates with thyroid hormone (calcitonin) in blood calcium level regulation

What supplies the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

- superior and inferior thyroid arteries - branches of external carotid - subclavian arteries

What regulates activities of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

hormonal feedbacks, or level of blood calcium

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) Where are these glands?

located on superior pole of kidneys, while surrounded by separate capsule

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) What is the shape of the right gland?

pyramidal-shaped

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) What is the shape of the left gland?

crescent-shaped

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) What can you see in the coronal/frontal section? (2)

- superficial cortex | - deep medullary part

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) What do hormones of the superficial cortex do?

contribute in balancing level of sodium and glucose, or regulation of sexual activities

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) What is the function of the superficial cortex regulated by?

hormonal feedbacks

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) What do hormones of the deep medullary part do?

mimic function of sympathetic nervous system

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) What is the function of the deep medullary part regulated by?

preganglionic sympathetic fibers carried by greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) What are chromaffin cells?

modified neurons that act as postganglionic sympathetic neurons in deep medullary part

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) What is it supplied by?

several branches mainly arising from abdominal aorta and renal arteries