Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
How many bones is the upper limb skeleton composed of?
32 bones on each side
What is the upper limb skeleton appended to the axial skeleton by?
pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
clavicle + scapula
clavicle (collar bone)
S-shaped long bone that articulates upper limb to axial skeleton
- has two ends and a body (shaft)
- subcutaneous – palpable throughout its length
What are the two curves along the body of the clavicle?
- medial curve is convex anteriorly
- lateral curve is concave anteriorly
Which end of the clavicle is relatively rounded?
medial (sternal) end
Which end of the clavicle is flattened?
lateral (acromial) end
scapula (shoulder blade)
flat triangular bone overlying ribs II to VII on posterolateral aspect of thorax
What are the 2 surfaces of the scapula?
subscapular fossa - ANTERIOR surface, concave
POSTERIOR surface is divided into supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa by spine of scapula (bony ridge)
What are the 3 borders of the scapula?
lateral, medial, and superior
What are the 3 angles of the scapula?
superior, inferior, and lateral
What does the lateral angle of the scapula carry?
glenoid cavity (fossa)
What is the glenoid cavity (fossa)?
oval articular surface which articulates with head of humerus
Where is the supraglenoid tubercle?
located superior to glenoid cavity
Where is the infraglenoid tubercle?
located inferior to glenoid cavity
What are the 2 processes of the scapula?
acromion - (flat bony plate) formed from lateral extension of spine of scapula
coracoid - beak-like bony projection on superior border of scapula that points anteriorly and laterally
humerus (arm bone)
long bone consisting of proximal end, body (shaft), and distal end
What is the proximal end of the humerus composed of? (5)
head
anatomical neck
greater and lesser tubercles
surgical neck
What is the head of the humerus?
smooth spherical surface directed medially and superiorly
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
narrow part immediately below head
What are the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?
two bony prominences below anatomical neck
separated by intertubercular (bicipital) groove (vertical groove)
What is the surgical neck of the humerus?
narrow part of proximal end directly distal to greater and lesser tubercles
What is the most frequently fractured region of the proximal end of the humerus?
surgical neck
How many bones is the lower limb skeleton composed of?
31 on each side
What is the lower limb skeleton appended to the axial skeleton by?
pelvic girdle
hip (coxal) bone
flat bone that transfers body weight to lower limbs
What are the 3 parts of the hip bone?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
all fuse together in acetabulum (cup-like cavity)
What are the 2 surfaces of the hip bone?
lateral - presents gluteal surface, acetabulum, and obturator foramen from superior to inferior
medial - divided by medial border of the bone into two parts (superior and inferior parts)
What does the superior part of the medial surface of the hip bone carry?
carries iliac fossa anteriorly, and auricular surface posteriorly
What does the inferior part of the medial surface of the hip bone carry?
carries obturator foramen that in life is almost completely sealed by fibrous membrane (obturator membrane)
What are the 5 borders of the hip bone?
superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, and medial
Where is the superior border (iliac crest) of the hip bone?
ends anteriorly to anterior superior iliac spine, and posteriorly to posterior superior iliac spine
What are the features of the anterior border of the hip bone?
(from superior to inferior)
- anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
- anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
- superior pubic ramus
- pubic tubercle
- pubic crest
What is the inferior border of the hip bone formed by?
ischiopubic ramus that extends between pubic body and ischial tuberosity
What are the features of the posterior border of the hip bone?
(from superior to inferior)
- posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
- posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
- greater sciatic notch
ischial spine - lesser sciatic notch
- ischial tuberosity
Does the hip bone contain a foramen?
yes - obturator
Does the hip bone have a cavity?
yes - acetabulum
bony pelvis
resembles big funnel formed by 4 bones (right and left hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx)
What 4 bones form the bony pelvis?
right hip bone
left hip bone
sacrum
coccyx
How is the bony pelvis divided?
divided into false and true pelvises by superior pelvic aperture (inlet)
What is the superior pelvic aperture (inlet or pelvic brim)?
What is it formed by? (6)
round or oval bony ring formed from posterior to anterior by:
- promontory of sacrum
- sacral ale
- medial border of left and right hip bones
- superior public rami
- pubic crests of left and right pubic bones
- pubic symphysis
What is the inferior pelvic aperture (outlet)?
What is it formed by? (6)
diamond-shaped opening formed from posterior to anterior by:
- coccyx
- sacrotuberous ligaments
- ischiopubic rami
- pubic symphysis
What is the false pelvis?
What is the false pelvis bounded by?
It contains parts of ____ system.
part of bony pelvis located above superior pelvic aperture
bounded by iliac fossa on each side
contains parts of digestive system
Where is the true pelvis?
What is the true pelvis bounded by?
It contains parts of ____ system.
located between superior and inferior pelvic apertures
bounded by pelvic surfaces of pubic, ischium, obturator membrane, sacrum, and coccyx
mostly contains parts of urinary and reproductive systems
femur
longest bone in human body
consists of proximal end, body (shaft), and distal end
What does the proximal end of the femur present? (3)
- head (spherical articular surface)
- neck (cylindrical narrow part)
- lesser trochanter and greater trochanter (two bony projections)
What are trochanters of the proximal end of the femur connected together by?
intertrochanteric line anteriorly, and intertrochanteric crest posteriorly
quadrate tubercle (of the proximal end of the femur)
bony prominence on intertrochanteric crest
Describe the body of the femur.
almost cylindrical
has linea aspera
linea aspera of body of femur
prominent posterior border, rough line
What is the gluteal tuberosity formed by?
of body of femur
formed by lateral extension of proximal end of linea aspera, towards the greater trochanter
What does the distal end of the femur have?
two condyles (medial and lateral) that carry articular surfaces, and are separated by patellar surface anteriorly, and U-shaped intercondylar notch posteriorly
What is the epicondyle?
of distal end of femur
(medial and lateral) bony projection on each side of distal end and superior to condyles
Where is the adductor tubercle?
of distal end of femur
located above medial epicondyle
patella (knee cap)
largest sesamoid bone embedded within quadriceps muscle tendon in front of knee joint
triangular bone with its apex pointing inferiorly
What are the 3 surfaces of the patella?
anterior and posterior surface
What does the posterior surface of the patella articulate with?
posterior surface carries articular surface to articulate with patellar surface of femur
tibia
long bone on medial side of leg, consisting of proximal end, body (shaft), and distal end
What does the proximal end of the tibia possess?
- two condyles (medial and lateral)
- tibial tuberosity (bony elevation on anterior surface)
What is the tibial tuberosity?
bony elevation on anterior surface of tibia
What do tibial condyles carry?
carry articular surfaces on their superior aspects (tibial plates), which are separated by intercondylar eminence
Describe the body of the tibia.
triangular in cross-section, therefore has three borders and three surfaces
How many borders and surfaces does the tibia have?
What are they?
3 borders, 3 surfaces
- interosseous border (lateral border)
- anterior border and medial surface are both palpable through skin
- posterior surface carries soleal line (rough line) on its upper half
What does the distal end of the tibia have on its medial side?
What does the distal end of the tibia have on its lateral side?
medial malleolus (bony projection) on its medial side
fibular notch (notch) on its lateral side
fibula
long slender bone on lateral side of leg, consisting of proximal end, body (shaft), and distal end
What does the proximal end of the fibula carry?
head and neck of the bone
Describe the body of the fibula.
twisted longitudinally, and its medial border is called interosseous border
What does the distal end of the fibula enlarge to form?
lateral malleolus
What are the 3 regions of the foot in which foot bones are located?
tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges (digits)
tarsal bones
short, 7 in number and arranged in three groups (proximal, middle, distal)
What does the proximal group of the tarsal bones include?
calcaneus (largest tarsal bone that forms head of foot)
talus (has head, neck, and body from anterior to posterior)
What does the middle group of the tarsal bones include?
navicular bone
What does the distal group of the tarsal bones include?
cuboid
cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, and lateral)
calcaneus
largest tarsal bone that forms head of foot
metatarsal bones
similar to metacarpal bones; small long bones numbered from medial to lateral
What does each metatarsal bone consist of?
proximal end (base), body (shaft), and distal end (head)
How many phalanges does each toe have?
3 (proximal, middle, distal)
How many phalanges does the big toe have?
2 (proximal and distal)
What features does the humerus of the body have? (2)
deltoid tuberosity
radial (spiral groove)
What is the deltoid tuberosity of the body of the humerus?
flat bony elevation on lateral side of body
What is the distal end of the humerus composed of? (9)
- capitulum
- trochlea
- lateral and medial epicondyles
- lateral and medial supracondylar ridges
- radial fossa
- coronoid fossa
- olecranon fossa
What is the capitulum of the distal end of the humerus?
rounded articular surface on lateral side
What is the trochlea of the distal end of the humerus?
pulley-shaped articular surface on medial side
What are the medial and lateral epicondyles of the distal end of the humerus?
two prominent bony elevations located adjacent and proximal to capitulum and trochlea, respectively
What are the lateral and medial supracondylar ridges of the distal end of the humerus?
two sharp bony ridges proximal to medial and lateral epicondyles, respectively
What is the radial fossa of the distal end of the humerus?
superior to capitulum on anterior aspect
What is the coronoid fossa of the distal end of the humerus?
superior to trochlea on anterior aspect
What is the olecranon of the distal end of the humerus?
superior to trochlea on posterior aspect
What is the radius?
long bone on lateral side of forearm
composed of body (shaft), proximal end, distal end
What does the proximal end of the radius have? (3)
short cylindrical head narrow neck radial tuberosity (from superior to inferior)
Describe the body of the radius.
triangular in cross-section therefore has 3 borders and 3 surfaces
interosseous border: sharp prominent medial border
What does the distal end of the radius have? (2)
styloid process on lateral aspect
ulnar notch on medial side
What is the ulna?
long bone on medial side of forearm
consists of body (shaft), proximal end, distal end
What does the proximal end of the ulna have?
2 processes – olecranon process and coronoid process
What is the trochlear notch?
between olecranon process and coronoid process
What is the radial notch?
lateral to coronoid process
Describe the body of the ulna.
triangular in cross-section therefore has 3 borders and 3 surfaces
interosseous border: sharp prominent lateral border
What does the distal end of the ulna have?
composed of round head and styloid process
What are the 3 types of bones in the hand?
carpal bones (wrist)
metacarpal bones
phalanges
Name the carpal bones in order in the right hand.
(from lateral to medial, I-V, ‘right to left’)
DISTAL ROW (‘top’)
- trapezium
- trapezoid
- capitate
- hamate
PROXIMAL ROW (‘bottom’)
- scaphoid
- lunate
- triquetrum
- pisiform
What are metacarpal bones?
small long bones composed of proximal end (base), body (shaft), and distal end (head)
5 - numbered from lateral to medial
How many phalanges does each finger have?
3 (proximal, middle, distal)
How many phalanges does the thumb have?
2 (proximal, distal)
