Upper Resp. Dz

Question 1

Primary CS of upper respiratory dz

Answer 1

Sneezing
Nasal Discharge
Stertor v stridor
Structural changes/ deformity
Anosmia (smell blindness)

Question 2

Stertor v stridor

Answer 2

Stertor: rattle, wet low pitch, pugs
Stridor: high pitch

Question 3

Secondary CS of upper resp. dz

Answer 3

Facial rubbing
Pain
Exophthalmia
CNS (cribiform plate description)
Gagging/ reverse sneezing
Food dropping (oral pain)
Food/ water/ vomit through nose

Question 4

Stenotic nares

Answer 4

Dogs: Brachys- frenchies, pugs, bulldogs, terriers
Cats: persians, shorthairs, scottish folds

Question 5

Feline upper resp. dz complex common pathogens

Answer 5

Herpesvirus (Ulcerative keratitis)
Calicivirus (lingual ulceration, limping syndrome)
Clamydophilia felis
Mycoplasma felis
Bordetella bronchiseptica

Question 6

Other causes of nasal discharge in cats

Answer 6

Virulent systemic feline calicivirus
Coronavirus (Covid-19)
Nasopharyngeal polyps (overgrowth of inflamm tissue)

Question 7

Most common fungal cause of primary K9 rhinitis

Answer 7

Aspergillosis
CS: sneezing, nasal discharge (mucopurulent, sanguinopurulent, hemorrhagic), depigmentation and ulceration of external nares, pain over bridge of nose

Question 8

How do you dx aspergillosis

Answer 8

Cytology (bx impressions with fungal hyphae)
Histopath
Fungal cx (4-8w)

Question 9

Most effective tx of aspergillosis

Answer 9

Topical antifungal solution (clotrimazole, enilconazole, miconazole)
Trephination and infusion
Surgical rhinotomy, curettage

Question 10

4 main components of brachycephalic syndrome

Answer 10

Stenotic nares
Elongated SP
Everted laryngeal saccules
Hypoplastic trachea

Question 11

How to tx brachycephalic syndrome

Answer 11

Surgical correction of stenotic nares, elongated SP, and everted saccules

Question 12

K9 infectious resp. tracheobronchitis/ Kennel cough etiologies

Answer 12

Bordetella bronchiseptica
Parainfluenza virus
CAV 1 and 2
Other: herpesvirus, reovirus, mycoplasma, and canine distemper virus

Question 13

How to prevent K9 infectious resp. tracheobronchitis/ kennel cough

Answer 13

Vx (CAV-2, parainfluenza), intranasal B. bronchiseptica

Question 14

CS of laryngeal paralysis

Answer 14

Inspiratory stridor (expiration)
Loss of voice

Question 15

Tx of laryngeal paralysis

Answer 15

Unilateral tie-back (lateral fixation of one vocal fold)
Complications: CP deficits in hindlimbs, ataxia, hypothyroid

Question 16

Trilogy of tracheal collapse

Answer 16

Mitral insufficiency
Collapsing trachea/ mainstream bronchi
COPD

Question 17

With tracheal collapse, when is dyspnea inspiratory or expiratory?

Answer 17

Cervical: inspiratory
Thoracic and bronchi: expiratory

Question 18

Dx tracheal collapse

Answer 18

Rads (limitations:
Fluoroscopy
Bronchoscopy

Question 19

Medical management for tracheal collapse

Answer 19

Harness, reduced activity/ excitement
Antitussives +/- sedatives
Abx, oxygen
Bronchodilators if chr. bronchitis

Question 20

Non-pharmacologic tx for tracheal collapse

Answer 20

Nitinol stents

Question 21

Complications for nitinol stents

Answer 21

Chr. coughing
Stent dislogment or “shortening”
Damage/ breakdown of stent
Tissue reaction → airway narrowing
Infection or perforation