Food and Plant Tox Flashcards
Grapes and raisins
Large variability in tolerance
Raisins more concentrated and causes more effects
Toxicokinetics of grapes and raisins
Rapid onset of CS (24 hrs)
Nephrotoxic agent (hypovolemic shock→ renal ischemity → proximal tubule degeneration and necrosis)
CS of grape and raisin toxicity
V/D, ↓urine output, lethargy and ataxia
Then 24-48 hrs azotemia
MDB of grape and raisin toxicity
Consistent with renal failure: hyperphosphatemia, azotemia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia
Isothenuric
+/- casts in urine
Tx for grape and raisin toxicity
Aggressive
Recent ingestion: decontamination (emesis), gastric lavage and AC
Fluid therapy*, supportive, dialysis
Prognosis for grape/ raisin toxicity
Poor with oliguric/anuric renal failure (75% mortality rate)
Good with decontamination
Methylxanthines
Caffiene
Theobromine* (chocolate)
Theophylline (tea and asthma tx)
Mechanism of toxicity of Methylxanthines
Antagonize action of adenosine → stimulate the adrenal cortex → myocardial contraction
Caffiene
Cats more sensitive
Crosses BBB and metabolized in liver
Theobromine
More bitter, more toxic
↑ dose, ↑ CS
Metabolized in liver
Tx for Methylxanthines toxicity
AC + cathartic (if no neuro signs)
Good prognosis
CS of Methylxanthines toxicity
Hyperactivity, V/D, panting, ataxia
Progress to hypertension, arrhythmias, muscle rigidity and seizures
Onions/ garlic/ leeks (Allium spp.) MOA
Chewing → releases allicin → breaks down into n-propyl disulfide (toxic) → oxidative damage to Hb and RBC membranes (heinz bodies, eccentrocytes, metHb)
CS of onion/ garlic/ leeks
Hypersalivation, VD
Progression (1-5d): pale mm, weakness, ataxia, depression, tachypnea and tachycardia
Dx onion/ garlic/ leeks
Anemia, ↑ reticulocyte count, heinz bodies, Hburia
onion/ garlic/ leeks tx
No antidote
Induce emesis, AC and supportive care
Xylitol toxicity
Naturally in fruits and veggies
In sugar free gums, candy, cereal and dessert
Meds with oral hygiene
Xylitol MOA
Sugar alcohol converted to glucose
Toxicity secondary to xylitol stimulating the release of insulin → hypoglycemia
Other toxicities associated with xylitol
Hypokalemia → translocation of K into cells (secondary to activation of Na-K pump)
Mild liver value ↑
CS of xylitol
Lethargy, ataxia, collapse
Secondary to liver damage: vomiting, coagulopathy and GI distress
Dx testing for xylitol toxicity
Serial glucose measurements
Blood chemistry
PT/ APTT
Tx for xylitol toxicity
Induction of emesis (AC not effective)
Supportive care (IX dextrose, high CHO diet)
Lilly toxicity
Lilium spp and hemerocallis spp
Renal tubular epith damage → renaal failure
CS of lily toxicity
Lethargy, vomit, anorexia (1-3hr)
PU/PD, abdominal pain (acute kidney injury) (24 hr)
Anuria, weakness and death (24-72 hrs)
Dx lily toxicity
Elevated BUN, creatinine, proteinuria, isothernuria, casts
Tx of lily toxicity
Decontamination, aggressive fluid diuresis, supportive care
Oleander toxicity
Nerium oleander (medicinal)
MOA: cardiac glycosides → disrupts NA K ATPase pumps on myocytes → change myocardial AP (more Ca coming in) → arrhythmias and death
CS of oleander toxicity
V/D
Then bradycardia, arrhythmia and death
Tx oldeander toxicity
Decontaminate and support cardiovascular system
Sago palm toxicity
Cycas spp (all pts toxic)
Produces cycasin, beta- methylamino-L-alanine and unID tox
CS of sago palsm
GI signs
CNS signs
Hepatic signs**
Dx and tx of sago palm toxicity
Monitor liver enzymes and BR
Symptomatic and supportive therapy
Alfatoxins
Aspergillus group
Alfatoxin B1
Found in moldy food, contaminated grains (corn) and dog food
MOA of aflatoxins
Ingestion → absorbed by liver → acvitivates cytochrome p450 → toxin
Cs of alfatoxins
Lethargy, depression, anorexia, V/D
Icterus and bleeding
DX and TX for aflatoxins
↑ liver enzymes, BR and bleeding time
Stop absorption, remove contaminated feed and supportive care
