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!Small Animal Medicine > Food and Plant Tox > Flashcards

Food and Plant Tox Flashcards

1
Q

Grapes and raisins

A

Large variability in tolerance
Raisins more concentrated and causes more effects

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2
Q

Toxicokinetics of grapes and raisins

A

Rapid onset of CS (24 hrs)
Nephrotoxic agent (hypovolemic shock→ renal ischemity → proximal tubule degeneration and necrosis)

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3
Q

CS of grape and raisin toxicity

A

V/D, ↓urine output, lethargy and ataxia
Then 24-48 hrs azotemia

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4
Q

MDB of grape and raisin toxicity

A

Consistent with renal failure: hyperphosphatemia, azotemia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia
Isothenuric
+/- casts in urine

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5
Q

Tx for grape and raisin toxicity

A

Aggressive
Recent ingestion: decontamination (emesis), gastric lavage and AC
Fluid therapy*, supportive, dialysis

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6
Q

Prognosis for grape/ raisin toxicity

A

Poor with oliguric/anuric renal failure (75% mortality rate)
Good with decontamination

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7
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Caffiene
Theobromine* (chocolate)
Theophylline (tea and asthma tx)

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8
Q

Mechanism of toxicity of Methylxanthines

A

Antagonize action of adenosine → stimulate the adrenal cortex → myocardial contraction

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9
Q

Caffiene

A

Cats more sensitive
Crosses BBB and metabolized in liver

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10
Q

Theobromine

A

More bitter, more toxic
↑ dose, ↑ CS
Metabolized in liver

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11
Q

Tx for Methylxanthines toxicity

A

AC + cathartic (if no neuro signs)
Good prognosis

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11
Q

CS of Methylxanthines toxicity

A

Hyperactivity, V/D, panting, ataxia
Progress to hypertension, arrhythmias, muscle rigidity and seizures

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12
Q

Onions/ garlic/ leeks (Allium spp.) MOA

A

Chewing → releases allicin → breaks down into n-propyl disulfide (toxic) → oxidative damage to Hb and RBC membranes (heinz bodies, eccentrocytes, metHb)

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13
Q

CS of onion/ garlic/ leeks

A

Hypersalivation, VD
Progression (1-5d): pale mm, weakness, ataxia, depression, tachypnea and tachycardia

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14
Q

Dx onion/ garlic/ leeks

A

Anemia, ↑ reticulocyte count, heinz bodies, Hburia

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15
Q

onion/ garlic/ leeks tx

A

No antidote
Induce emesis, AC and supportive care

16
Q

Xylitol toxicity

A

Naturally in fruits and veggies
In sugar free gums, candy, cereal and dessert
Meds with oral hygiene

17
Q

Xylitol MOA

A

Sugar alcohol converted to glucose
Toxicity secondary to xylitol stimulating the release of insulin → hypoglycemia

18
Q

Other toxicities associated with xylitol

A

Hypokalemia → translocation of K into cells (secondary to activation of Na-K pump)
Mild liver value ↑

19
Q

CS of xylitol

A

Lethargy, ataxia, collapse
Secondary to liver damage: vomiting, coagulopathy and GI distress

20
Q

Dx testing for xylitol toxicity

A

Serial glucose measurements
Blood chemistry
PT/ APTT

21
Q

Tx for xylitol toxicity

A

Induction of emesis (AC not effective)
Supportive care (IX dextrose, high CHO diet)

22
Q

Lilly toxicity

A

Lilium spp and hemerocallis spp
Renal tubular epith damage → renaal failure

23
Q

CS of lily toxicity

A

Lethargy, vomit, anorexia (1-3hr)
PU/PD, abdominal pain (acute kidney injury) (24 hr)
Anuria, weakness and death (24-72 hrs)

24
Q

Dx lily toxicity

A

Elevated BUN, creatinine, proteinuria, isothernuria, casts

25
Q

Tx of lily toxicity

A

Decontamination, aggressive fluid diuresis, supportive care

26
Q

Oleander toxicity

A

Nerium oleander (medicinal)
MOA: cardiac glycosides → disrupts NA K ATPase pumps on myocytes → change myocardial AP (more Ca coming in) → arrhythmias and death

27
Q

CS of oleander toxicity

A

V/D
Then bradycardia, arrhythmia and death

28
Q

Tx oldeander toxicity

A

Decontaminate and support cardiovascular system

29
Q

Sago palm toxicity

A

Cycas spp (all pts toxic)
Produces cycasin, beta- methylamino-L-alanine and unID tox

30
Q

CS of sago palsm

A

GI signs
CNS signs
Hepatic signs**

31
Q

Dx and tx of sago palm toxicity

A

Monitor liver enzymes and BR
Symptomatic and supportive therapy

32
Q

Alfatoxins

A

Aspergillus group
Alfatoxin B1
Found in moldy food, contaminated grains (corn) and dog food

33
Q

MOA of aflatoxins

A

Ingestion → absorbed by liver → acvitivates cytochrome p450 → toxin

34
Q

Cs of alfatoxins

A

Lethargy, depression, anorexia, V/D
Icterus and bleeding

35
Q

DX and TX for aflatoxins

A

↑ liver enzymes, BR and bleeding time
Stop absorption, remove contaminated feed and supportive care

!Small Animal Medicine (37 decks)

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