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!Small Animal Medicine > Miscellaneous toxins > Flashcards

Miscellaneous toxins Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of zinc

A

Pennies (after 1982)
Zippers, toys, board game pieces, supplements, diaper rash ointment

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2
Q

Zinc mechanism of toxicity

A

Absorption from GI tract → stomach acid releases free zinc/ salts from object → binds to albumin and metabolized in liver → secreted in bile/ feces → GI upset →hemolytic anemia

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3
Q

CS of zinc toxicity

A

V/D and anorexia → intravasc hemolysis (pale mm, tachycardia, Hbnemia, Hburia, depression)

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4
Q

Severe signs associated with zinc toxicity

A

Recumbency, seizures, oliguria, anuria and death

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5
Q

Minimum database for zinc toxicity

A

CBC (regenerative anemia and heinz bodies)
Chem (↑ BR, +/- ↑ liver enzymes and azotemia)
Urinalysis (proteinemia, Hburia, BRuria)

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6
Q

Confirmatory tests for zinc toxicity

A

Specific tubes (royal blue), clean stick
>5 ppm =toxicity

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7
Q

Tx for zinc toxicity

A

Remove object (emesis, endoscopy*, gastrotomy)
Supportive (hydration, blood transfusions, control vomit)

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8
Q

Differentials for acute hemolysis

A

Onion/ garlic, acetaminophen, rattlesnake bites

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9
Q

Ethylene Glycol

A

Dogs more exposed, cats more severe
Rapid oral absorption

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10
Q

MOA for EG

A

ADH broken down to glycoaldehyde (CNS signs) → glycolic acid (acidosis) → oxalic acid → Ca oxalate crystals move into tubules causing severe kidney damage

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11
Q

CS of EG

A

Neurologic: CNS depression and staggering/ drunken sailor
Cardiopulmonary: stupor phase + acidosis
Renal: ↑ depression, ataxia, anorexia, AKI

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12
Q

EG dx

A

Start tx B4 confirmed dx!!!
EG vet test strips, CBC/ Chem/ US, acid base urinalysis
Anion gap >25

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13
Q

EG tx

A

Induce emesis, IV fluids
4-methylpyrazole and ethanol

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14
Q

EG prognosis

A

Azotemia, oliguric/ anuric= grim prognosis
↓ 12-24 hr post ingestion)

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15
Q

Ivermectin toxicity

A

Macrolide-p-glycoprotein substrates
Collie/ Herding breeds (MDR1 gene, lack p-glycoprotein)

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16
Q

Ivermectin toxicity MOA

A

Bind glutamate gated channels → ↑ Cl ions → hyperpolarization of neuron → prevent AP prolongation → paralysis, death of parasite

17
Q

CS of ivermectin toxicity

A

CNS (ataxia, hyperesthesia, hypersalivation, muscle fasciculation, seizures, apparent blindness)

18
Q

Tx for ivermectin toxicity

A

No antidote
Emesis if less than 2 hrs
AC repeated and cathartic,
Lipid therapy

19
Q

Highly toxic organophosphates

A

Disulfoton, coumaphos, famphur, phorate, etc

20
Q

MOA of organophosphates

A

OP’s inhibit ACh esterase

21
Q

Acute syndrome caused by organophosphates

A

Muscarinic (SLUD, DUMBELS, first to appear)
Nicotinic (m. tremors, muscle tetany, stiffness, paralysis)
CNS (anxiety, restlessness, hyperactivity/ depression, seizures/coma)

22
Q

Intermediate syndrome caused by organophosphates

A

Anorexia, diarrhea, generalized weakness, depression and death

23
Q

Tx for organophosphate toxicity

A

Stabilize
Atropine sulfate (↓ muscarinic signs)
Pralidoxine/ 2-PAM (control nicotinic signs)
Seizure control
Decontamination (laavage, AC)

24
Q

Paintball toxicity

A

Contain osmotically active substances
Loss of fluids in the GI tract → hypernatremia

25
Q

Paintball toxicity CS

A

GI signs (local irritation)
CNS signs

26
Q

Paintball toxicity dx and tx

A

Monitor serum electrolytes and acid base
Slow infusion of D5W IV (don’t correct hypernatremia to quickly )

27
Q

Elipidae (snake envenomation)

A

Coral snakes
Broad bands, night colors, round pupils/ no pit between eyes and small fangs

28
Q

Crotalidae (snake envenomation)

A

Pit vipers (rattelsnakes, cottonmouths, copperheads)
Diamond shaped head, elliptical pupils, heat sensing pits, retractable fangs

29
Q

CS of snake envenomation

A

Hemorrhage, pain, edema, ecchymosis, tissue damage
Salivation, vomiting, petechia and hypotension

30
Q

Venom metaloproteinases

A

Inflammation, hemorrhage and skin damage

31
Q

Venom hyalonidase/ collagenase

A

↓ CT and clears glycoside bonds

32
Q

Venom phospholipid A2

A

Forms complexes with phospholipids keeping them from clotting activation

33
Q

Venom fibrinolysins

A

Major cause of coagulation disorders
Defibrillation- inadequate fribin clot

34
Q

When should lipid therapy be used

A

Marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids
NSAIDs (ubuprofen), baclofen, diltiazem, ivermectin like drugs, permethrin cats and cholecalciferol

35
Q

Lipid therapy MOA

A

Depends on lipid solubility of drug (should be high)
Liposomes scavenge toxins and carry to organs for metabolism

!Small Animal Medicine (37 decks)

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