Intro To Oncology

Question 1

Dx cancer

Answer 1

Cytology: 60-95% accuracy
Histopathology (gold standard)
Liquid bx
Flow cytometry/ PARR

Question 2

Prevalence

Answer 2

Proportion having a condition at a single time period (existing + new cases) per population @ risk

Question 3

Incidence

Answer 3

Proportion developing a condition during a time period (new cases) per population @ risk

Question 4

P value

Answer 4

How likely is it that your data could have occurred under null hypothesis

Question 5

Type 1 error

Answer 5

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s actually true (a)

Question 6

Type 2 error

Answer 6

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it’s actually false (B)

Question 7

Accuracy

Answer 7

How close a measurement is to the true or accepted value

Question 8

Precision

Answer 8

How repeatable a measurement is

Question 9

Sensitivity

Answer 9

Best screening test high sensitivity
True positives / TP + false negatives

Question 10

Specificity

Answer 10

Confirmatory test high specificity
True negs / TN + FP

Question 11

SnNout

Answer 11

A test with high sensitivity value (Sn) that when negative helps to rule out a dz

Question 12

SpPin

Answer 12

A test with a high specificity value (Sp) that when positive helps to rule in a dz

Question 13

PD (progressive dz)

Answer 13

Mass is more than 20% of the initial size

Question 14

SD (stable dz)

Answer 14

Mass is within <30% reduction, <20% increase of initial size

Question 15

PR (partial response/ remission)

Answer 15

Shrinkage of mass > 30%

Question 16

Local therapy

Answer 16

Surgery
Radiation therapy: teletherapy and brachytherapy

Question 17

Systemic therapy

Answer 17

Chemotherapy (cytoxic, metronomic, small molecules)
Immunotherapy

Question 18

Gompertzian growth curve

Answer 18

Tumor detected at 1 cm^3
Death @ 1 kg
RT, CTX and immunotherapy work best with rapidly dividing cells/ exponential growth

Question 19

Cytotoxic

Answer 19

Standard chemotherapy with high dose to shrink the tumor
Use same drugs as humans: doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etc.

Question 20

Metronomic chemotherapy

Answer 20

Small doses overtime to stabilize the dz
Targets the tumor micro environment (not tumor)
Anti-angiogenic (increased VEGF) and anti-metastatic
Alters tregs
Piroxicam and cyclophosphamide

Question 21

Cyclophosphamide with metronomic chemotherapy

Answer 21

Idiosyncratic complication: sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (SHC)
Marrow suppression with chronic use (>6-12m)**

Question 22

Small molecule inhibitors

Answer 22

Stable dz is the goal
Mabs: monoclonal abs, species specific (rituximab)
IBs: works across species (toceranib phosphate)

Question 23

Immunotherapy

Answer 23

Oncept/ melanoma vx
Human tyrosinase
Mean survival time: 6-8 m - 3 yrs

Question 24

What’s the difference between staging and grading

Answer 24

Grading: how aggressive the tumor is
Staging: Clinical evidence of the tumor around the body