Intro To Oncology Flashcards
Dx cancer
Cytology: 60-95% accuracy
Histopathology (gold standard)
Liquid bx
Flow cytometry/ PARR
Prevalence
Proportion having a condition at a single time period (existing + new cases) per population @ risk
Incidence
Proportion developing a condition during a time period (new cases) per population @ risk
P value
How likely is it that your data could have occurred under null hypothesis
Type 1 error
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s actually true (a)
Type 2 error
Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it’s actually false (B)
Accuracy
How close a measurement is to the true or accepted value
Precision
How repeatable a measurement is
Sensitivity
Best screening test high sensitivity
True positives / TP + false negatives
Specificity
Confirmatory test high specificity
True negs / TN + FP
SnNout
A test with high sensitivity value (Sn) that when negative helps to rule out a dz
SpPin
A test with a high specificity value (Sp) that when positive helps to rule in a dz
PD (progressive dz)
Mass is more than 20% of the initial size
SD (stable dz)
Mass is within <30% reduction, <20% increase of initial size
PR (partial response/ remission)
Shrinkage of mass > 30%
Local therapy
Surgery
Radiation therapy: teletherapy and brachytherapy
Systemic therapy
Chemotherapy (cytoxic, metronomic, small molecules)
Immunotherapy
Gompertzian growth curve
Tumor detected at 1 cm^3
Death @ 1 kg
RT, CTX and immunotherapy work best with rapidly dividing cells/ exponential growth
Cytotoxic
Standard chemotherapy with high dose to shrink the tumor
Use same drugs as humans: doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etc.
Metronomic chemotherapy
Small doses overtime to stabilize the dz
Targets the tumor micro environment (not tumor)
Anti-angiogenic (increased VEGF) and anti-metastatic
Alters tregs
Piroxicam and cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide with metronomic chemotherapy
Idiosyncratic complication: sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (SHC)
Marrow suppression with chronic use (>6-12m)**
Small molecule inhibitors
Stable dz is the goal
Mabs: monoclonal abs, species specific (rituximab)
IBs: works across species (toceranib phosphate)
Immunotherapy
Oncept/ melanoma vx
Human tyrosinase
Mean survival time: 6-8 m - 3 yrs
What’s the difference between staging and grading
Grading: how aggressive the tumor is
Staging: Clinical evidence of the tumor around the body
