Lower Resp. Dz

Question 1

K9 bronchitis

Answer 1

Chr. inflammatory response in the airways → small airway obstruction, bronchial thickening, ↑ mucus secretion, fibrosis, emphysema

Question 2

K9 bronchitis (COPD) etiologies

Answer 2

Allergies (inhaled, food)
Infectious (bacterial, viral mycoplasma)
Pulmonary parasites
Heartworms
Inhaled irritants

Question 3

Dx of K9 bronchitis

Answer 3

Auscultation: norm or exspiratory crackles and wheezes
Rads: bronchial pattern
Cytology: ↑ mucus, inflamm response, eosins
Fecal test for parasites
Heartworm testing

Question 4

Tx for K9 bronchitis

Answer 4

Steroids (prednisolone)
Bronchodilator- albuterol, terbutaline, theophylline
Nebulization and humidification

Question 5

Steroid dose for K9 bronchitis

Answer 5

Predisolone: 0.25 - 0.5 mg/ lb q 12 hr then reduce to the lowest effective dose

Question 6

Pulmonary Hypertension

Answer 6

Chr. bronchitis/ COPD
Heartworm dz
PTE
HW thromboembolism
Left heart dz/ MMVD
Cor Pulmonale (RHF)

Question 7

What is the main drug perscribed to lower pulmonary pressures?

Answer 7

sildenafil

Question 8

What causes feline asthma?

Answer 8

Allergies (inhaled, food)
Bacterial
Pulmonary parasites
Heartworms
Inhaled irritants

Question 9

Dx of feline asthma

Answer 9

Auscultation: expiratory crackles and wheezes
Rads: bronchial pattern, hyperinflation, emphysema bulla, atelectasis
Cytology: inflammatory pattern (neutros, eosins, macros)
Bacterial and mycoplasma cx
HW testing (Ag and Ab tests)

Question 10

How long should bacterial pneumonia be treated?

Answer 10

Maintain therapy for 2w past clinical and radiographic stabilization (4-6w)

Question 11

Blastomycosis dx test

Answer 11

Urine Ag (enzyme immunoassay) testing

Question 12

What are some other types of fungal pneumonias?

Answer 12

Histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis and aspergillosis

Question 13

4 mechanisms of development of pulmonary edema

Answer 13

↓ plasma colloid osmotic pressure
↑ hydrostatic pressure/ vascular overload
↑ vascular permeability
Lymphatic obstruction

Question 14

↓ plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 14

Hypoalbuminemia: ↓ intake, malassimilation, hepatic failure, urinary or GI loss, cutaneous loss and vasculitis

Question 15

↑ hydrostatic pressure/ vascular overload

Answer 15

Cardiac dz- LHF, R-L shunts
Fluid overload
Obstruction of pulmonary veins

Question 16

↑ vascular permeability (acute resp. distress syndrome)

Answer 16

Inhalation trauma, gastric acid aspiration, near-drowning, O2 toxicity and pulm. contusions
Sepsis/ endotoxemia, pancreatitis, uremia, trauma, etc

Question 17

Etiologies of pneumothorax

Answer 17

Traumatic
Pulmonary dz (rupture of cysts, cavitation and emphysema)
Iatrogenic (thoracocentesis, needle aspirate, bx, etc)
Spontaneous
Parasitic

Question 18

Tx of pneumothorax

Answer 18

Needle aspiration
Tube thoracostomy with water seal drainage
Management of underlying dz

Question 19

Transudate (pleural effusion)

Answer 19

USG: <1.013
Protein <2.5
Cell count < 1000
Overhydration and hypoalbuminemia

Question 20

Modified transudate (pleural effusion)

Answer 20

Protein >2.5
Cell count <5000
Cardiac dz, diaphragmatic hernias, organ strangulation, neoplastic effusions, pericardial effusion

Question 21

Exudative (pleural effusion)

Answer 21

Protein >5 gm/dl
Cell count >5000
Septic, pyogranulomatous

Question 22

Other forms of pleural effusion

Answer 22

Chylous/ pseudochylous, hemorrhagic and neoplastic

Question 23

Chylothorax causes

Answer 23

Rupture of the thoracic duct or intrathoracic lymphatics caused by trauma, congenital, idiopathic, pancreatic, parasitic, CHF

Question 24

How is triglyceride content associated with chylothorax?

Answer 24

High triglyceride concentration (cholesterol: triglyceride <1)
Will increase with fatty meal

Question 25

Therapies for chylothorax

Answer 25

Low fat diets with MCT oil
Thoracic duct ligation
Rutin, octreotide and pleurodesis

Question 26

What causes diaphragmatic hernias?

Answer 26

Congenital
Acquired: blunt abdominal trauma against a closed glottis

Question 27

Peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernias

Answer 27

Congenital defect that allows abdominal organs to move into the pericardium, the sac around the heart

Question 28

What are the mediastinal dz categories

Answer 28

Pneumomediastinum
Mediastinitis
Hilar lymphadenopathy
Mediastinal masses (granuloma, neoplasia, thymoma and lymphosarcoma)