Upper Limb 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is 2
A
Basilic vein
2
Q
What structures make up the proximal and distal aspects of the wrist joint?
A
Proximal: -Distal end of radius and the articular disc Distal: -Proximal row of the carpal bones (except the pisiform)
3
Q
What is A
A
flexor pollicis brevis
4
Q
What is A
A
Brachioradialis
5
Q
What is the action of pronator teres?
A
Pronation of the forearm
6
Q
What is B
A
Hypothenar muscles
7
Q
What is E
A
Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus
8
Q
What is E
A
Extensor carpi ulnaris
9
Q
The ulnar nerve innervates most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand except what?
A
Thenar muscles and the first and second lumbrical muscle
10
Q
What nerves supply the 4 muscles of the superficial group of anterior compartment of forearm?
A
Median supplies all apart from the flexor carpi ulnaris which is supplied by the ulnar nerve
11
Q
What is the action of the adductor pollicis on the thumb?
A
Adducts the thumb towards the lateral border of the palm
12
Q
What is B
A
Superficial branch of the ulnar nerve
13
Q
What is the nerve supply to the pronator quadratus
A
Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8, t1)
14
Q
What is the thickened part of the antebrachial fascia that holds the tendons of the extensor muscles in place called
A
Extensor retinaculum
15
Q
Where does the median nerve enter the hand and what does it supply
A
The median nerve enters the hand through the carpal tunnel and proceeds to supply the majority of the thenar eminence
16
Q
What is the sensory testing area for axillary nerve
A
outer aspect of shoulder
17
Q
What arteries suply to blood supply to the hand
A
The ulnar and radial arteries
18
Q
What are the two terminal branches of brachial artery?
A
Radial and Ulnar artery
19
Q
What is 3
A
Pronator teres muscle
20
Q
What is B
A
Adductor pollicis
21
Q
What is the deep branch of the radial nerve also known as
A
Posterior interosseus nerve
22
Q
What is 13
A
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle
23
Q
What is O
A
Tendons of extensor digitorum
24
Q
What is the sensory testing area for ulnar nerve
A
Palmar and dorsal aspect of medial 1 and half fingers
25
What is the relationship of the brachial artery with the medial nerve in the cubital fossa?
The nerve is medial to the brachial artery in the cubital fossa
26
What is D
Trapezoid
27
what is H
Middle phalange
28
What is E
ulnar artery
29
What is D
Flexor capri ulnaris
30
What is 18
Brachioradialis muscle
31
What is K
Pisiform
32
What is A
Medial epicondyle
33
What is the main function of the posterior interosseus nerve
It is the main motor nerve of the extensors of the forearm
34
Name the 3 groups of muscles of the anterior forearm
Superficial Intermediate Deep
35
What nerve supplies the flexor digitorum superficialis? What is the segmental value? (C7, C8, T1)
Medial nerve
36
What is F
Second Lumbrical
37
What is C
Pisometal carpal ligament
38
Flexion of the wrist joint is caused by contraction of the muscles in the which compartment
anterior
39
Among the short muscles of the hand, there are 4 earth worm-like muscles forming the central compartment What are these collectively called?
Lumbricals
40
Which muscle(s) does the median nerve not supply in the forearm?
Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
41
What is J
Lunate
42
What is J
Flexor carpi ulnaris
43
What are the actions of the dorsal and palmar interossei muscles on the fingers?
DAB -Dorsal Interossei ABduct fingers PAD -Palmar Interossei ADduct the fingers
44
What type of fluid is found between the forearm and carpal bones?
synovial
45
How many metacarpals are there
5
46
Which nerve innervates all the hypothenar muscles?
Deep branch of the Ulnar Nerve
47
Which nerve innervates the adductor pollicis?
Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
48
What is F
Distal phalange
49
What is L
Tiquestral
50
What is 23
Deep branch of radial nerve
51
What do the metacarpal bone sit inbetween
between the carpal bones and the phalanges.
52
What is A
Superficial palmar arch
53
What is E
triceps brachii medial head
54
What is B
Abductor digiti minimi
55
What is the interosseous membrane and whats its function
The interosseous membrane is an incomplete fibrous structure, conforming stability to the forearm structure in addition to the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints.
56
What is G
Flexor Pollicus longus
57
What is B
Flexor retinaculum
58
What are the interphalangeal joints
The **interphalangea**l joints are the names of the joints between the phalynx of the hand
59
Does the median nerve enter the carpal tunnel by passing below or above the flexor retinaculum?
Below
60
Describe the path of the ulnar nerve as it enters the forearm
After passing posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus the ulnar nerve enters the forearm by passing between the heads of flexor carpi ulnas muscle
61
What is M
Hamate
62
What muscles extend or abduct the thumb
Abductor pollicis longus (APL)
Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)
Extensor pollicis longus (EPL)
63
Where is the origin and insertion of the pronator quadrates?
Origin = front of the ulna
Insertion into radius
64
What are the 4 muscles of the superficial group of the anterior forearm?
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
65
What does the extensor digitorum duck under and then divide into?
it ducks under the extensor retinaculum, and divides into 4 tendons for the fingers
66
67
What is A
Ulner nerve and artery
68
What is j
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
69
What is 15
Median cubital vein
70
What is the sensory testing area for musculcutaneous nerve
Lateral aspect of forearm
71
What is D
Median nerve
72
The wrist joint is which kind of joint?
Synovial condyloid joint
73
What two muscles work to adduct the wrist?
Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris
74
What does the radius articulate with
The radius articulates with the scaphoid and lunate (carpal bones)
75
What is the motor testing action for axillary nerve
Abduct the shoulders
76
What is B
Oblique interosseous fibres
77
What is D
radial nerve
78
79
Name the 3 muscles which make up the thenar eminence
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
80
What is A
Palmar Fascia
81
What is E
Pronator teres
82
The intrinsic muscles of the hand are located in 5 compartments. Name them
Thenar compartment
Hypothenar compartment
Adductor compartment
Central compartment - Lumbicals and long flexor tendons -
Interosseous compartment
83
What are the segmental levels involved in Klumpke paralysis (lower trunk)?
C8, T1
84
What is C
Pronator quadratus
85
What is D
Ulnar deviation
86
How does the ulnar nerve lie in relation to the ulnar artery in the distal forearm?
Medial
87
What is E
Digital flexor tendon
88
What is A
Extensor retinaculum
89
90
What is 24
Radius
91
What is G
proximal phalange
92
The nerve which innervates the thenar muscles is made up of fibres from which segmental levels?
C8 and T1
93
Whats a Smiths fracture
A **Smith’s Fracture** is the reverse of this, in which there is posterior displacement of the radius on the distal aspect of the bone.
This is cause by falling onto a **flexed** wrist, or by a direct blow to the forearm
94
Which artery is the main contributor of the superficial palmar arch? What about the deep palmar arch?
Ulnar = Superficial
Radial = deep
95
Which nerve innervates all 3 muscles of the thinner eminence?
Recurrent Branch of Median Nerve
However the exception to this is the deep belly of FPB, which is supplied by the ulnar nerve.
96
What is the motor testing action for radial nerve
Extend wrist
97
What is N
Metacarpal bones
98
What is D
Opponens Digiti minimi
99
From which long flexor tendon do the lumbricals originate?
Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
100
What is D
third Metacarpal
101
What is B
Opponens pollicis
102
What is 12
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
103
What 3 muscles make up the hypothenar eminence? (hypothenar muscles)
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor Digiti Minimi
Oppenens digiti minimi
104
What is H
Flexor carpi radialis
105
What is 26
Extensor capri ulnaris muscle
106
What is E
Proximal phalange
107
What is H
Tendons of extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus
108
What is 20
Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle
109
110
What is O
Proximal phalange
111
What is the sensory testing area for median nerve
Palame aspect of lateral 3 and half fingers
112
What is K
Pronator quadratus
113
What is the motor testing action for musculocutaneous nerve
flex the elbow
114
What is the segmental value of the nerve innervating the hypothenar muscles?
C8, T1
115
What is B
Flexor carpi radialis
116
What joints does the flexor digitorum profundus act on? What are its main actions?
Wrist and all joints of the fingers Flexes wrist and distal interphalangeal
117
What sits between the ulna and the carpal bones?
Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)
118
What is 1
Radial artery
119
What is A
Flexor digitorum profundus
120
What does the ulnar nerve innervate in the hand
All the intrinsic muscles of hand that the median nerve doesnt innervate.
121
What is B
radial artery
122
How are the lumbricals innervated?
Medial two lumbricals innervated by the ulnar nerve and the lateral two are innervated by the median nerve
123
What is B
Extension
124
What is I
Radial artery
125
What is 16
Cephalic antebrachii vein
126
What is C
Anconeous
127
What is the motor testing action for Median nerve
Move your thumb towards your nose
128
129
What is the extensor expansion
The extensor expansions (also known as the extensor hood or dorsal digital expansion) are triangular aponeuroses by which the extensor tendons insert onto the phalanges.
130
What is unique about the brachioradialis muscle?
Belongs to the extensor compartment and is supplies by an extensor compartment nerve even though it is a flexor of the elbow joint. Major exception to the generalisation that the radial nerve supplies only extensor muscles and that all flexors lie in the anterior compartment
131
What is F
Supination
132
What is A
Biceps brachii
133
What is C
Palmar interossei
134
If the median nerve is effected in carpal tunnel syndrome what symptoms may the patient experience?
Tingling Diminished sensation Abscence of tactile sensation to the area supplied by the nerve
135
What is B
flexor pollicis longus
136
What is C
Tendon of the abductor pollicis brevis
137
What is A
Lumbricals
138
How many tendons does the flexor digitorum profundus give rise to? To which fingers are these tendons attached?
4 tendons Index finger to pinkie (2-5)
139
What is the action and nerve supply of the plexor pollicis longus?
Long flexor of the thumb
Median nerve (C8, t1)
140
141
What muscles extend or adduct the hand at the wrist joint
[Extensor carpi radialis longus](https://www.anatomy.tv/anatomytv/html5ui_2018/#/product/har_hand_2014/type/Views/id/39260/layer/0/angle/5/structureID/272420)
[Extensor carpi radialis brevis](https://www.anatomy.tv/anatomytv/html5ui_2018/#/product/har_hand_2014/type/Views/id/39260/layer/0/angle/5/structureID/272424)
[Extensor carpi ulnaris](https://www.anatomy.tv/anatomytv/html5ui_2018/#/product/har_hand_2014/type/Views/id/39260/layer/0/angle/3/structureID/272436)
142
What is B
Brachialis
143
What is F
Digital extensor tendons
144
What is the common flexor origin of the anterior forearm?
How does this compare to the common extensor origin?
flexor = Medial epicondyle
extensor = Lateral epicondyle
145
What is the fibrous retinaculum?
Strong fibrous band which converts the concavity of the palmar surface of the carpus (carpal bones) and convertes it into a channel, the carpal tunnel.
146
What is 22
Supinator muscle
147
What is 8
Tendon of biceps brachii muscle
148
What do the radial and ulner arties form when the reach the palm
The superficial and deep palmar arch
149
What is Q
distal phalange
150
What makes the lateral border of the anatomical snuff box
extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus
151
What is 6
Palmaris longus muscle
152
What movement does the interosseous membrane permit
It is lax enough to allow supination and pronation at the radio-ulnar joints.
153
What is B
Dorsal Interossei
154
What is D
Flexor retinaculum
155
Whats a Colle's fracture
**Colle’s Fracture (shown x-ray)**
This is a common fracture of the distal radius in which there is anterior displacement (movement) of the shaft of the radius on the distal aspect of the bone
This is known as a dinner fork deformity and is caused by falling onto an **extended** wrist.
156
What is H
Trapezium
157
What is G
Pronator teres
158
What muscles extend the medial four digits
[Extensor digitorum](https://www.anatomy.tv/anatomytv/html5ui_2018/#/product/har_hand_2014/type/Views/id/39260/layer/0/angle/5/structureID/272428)
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimi
159
What is C
brachioradialis
160
What is C
Capitate
161
What nerves supply the muscles of the hand
The Median and Ulnar
162
What is B
radial nerve
163
What is C
Extensor digitorum
164
What is 17
Radial vein
165
Which phalynx does the tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis insert? Because of this what joints does this muscle flex?
Middle Wrist, MCP, and interphalangeal joints (NOT distal interphalangeal joint)
166
What happens to the radial nerve when it leaves the cubital fossa
it gives off a **deep** and **superficial** branch.
167
Describe the nerve supply of the flexor digitorum profundus
Dual nerve supply
Ulnar nerve -\> Medial part (c8, T1)
Median nerve -\> Lateral part (C8, t1)
168
What is L
Thenar muscles
169
What is A
Oblique head
170
Which muscles are responsible for the abduction of the wrist joint?
Extensor + flexor carpi radialis
171
What is the action of the lumbrical muscles?
Flex the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joint and simultaneously extend the interphalangeal joint of 2nd to 5th digits
172
What is the advantage of the superificial and deep palmar arches anastamosing with each other
if one artery becomes blocked the other can maintain blood supply via. its collateral circulation
173
What is the innervation of the pronator teres?
Median nerve
174
What is E
Radial artery
175
What muscles attach to the extensor expansion
Extensor digitorum brevis manus muscle
Lumbrical muscles
Dorsal interossei muscles
Palmar interossei muscles
176
What are the phalanges
The **phalanges** are the distal bones in the hand.
177
What is A
Scaphoid
178
What is the action of the pronator quadratus?
Pronates forearm; deep fibres bind radius and ulna together
179
What is I
Extensor carpi radialis longus
180
What is E
Second dorsal interosseous
181
What is the action of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis on the wrist joint?
They both extend and abduct the wrist joint.
182
What is C
Proper palmar digital nerves (median nerve)
183
What is C
Flexor retinaculum
184
The thenar muscles from the thenar eminence on the lateral part of the palm are responsible mainly for what?
Apposition of the thumb
185
Which artery is the main contributor of superficial palmar arch
Ulnar
186
Where does the extensor digitotum arise from
It arises from common extensor origin on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
187
What is I
Distal phalange
188
Describe the blood supply to the hand
The ulnar and radial arteries and their branches provide all the blood to the hand. Both arteries after entering the palm contribute to the formation of arterial arches - superficial and deep palmar arteries These arterial arches provide collateral circulation in the hand
189
What is 19
superficial branch of radial nerve, radial artery and vein
190
Pronator teres = pronation The other 3 muscles of the superficial group of the anterior forearm flex the hand at the wrist joint. Which muscles in addition to this adduct and abduct at the wrist joint?
Adduct the wrist joint = flexor carpi ulnaris Abduct the wrist joint = flexor carpi radialis
191
What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?
Median nerve
4 tendons of Flexor digitorum superficialis
4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
1 tendon of flexor pollicis longus
192
what is K
Extensor digitorum
193
What is F
Medial epicondlye
194
What is J
Flexor Carpi radialis
195
What muscle is the only member of the intermediate group of muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS)
196
Extension of the wrist joint is caused by contraction of the muscles in which compartment?
Posterior
197
How many phalanx are in the thumb and what are they called
There is a proximal and distal phalanx in the thumb
198
What innervates the following muscles:
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Supinator
Extensor digiti minimi
Radial nerve
199
What is C
ulnar nerve
200
What is F
Extensor digiti minimi
201
What is 4
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
202
What is 14
ulna
203
Carpal tunnel syndrome results from what?
Any lesion that significantly reduces the size of the carpal tunnel
204
What do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm do in general compared to the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Anterior compartment = flexion and pronation
Posterior compartment = extension and supination
205
What is P
Middle phalange
206
What is A
Opponens Pollicis
207
What 3 muscles make up the deep group of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
208
What part of the thenar eminence does the median nerve not supply
The deep belly of **flexor pollicis brevis**, and the 1st and 2nd lumbrical muscles
209
What is the function of the superior branch of the raidal nerve
The superficial branch is purely sensory and distributed to skin on the dorsum of the hand.
210
What is 7
Median nerve
211
What is 11
Tendon of brachialis muscle
212
The adductor pollicis is made up of 2 heads Name them
Transverse head Oblique head
213
Whtat do the metacarpals articulate with proximally and distally
They articulate proximally at the carpo-meto-carpal (CMC) joints, and distally at the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints.
214
What is the function of the suppinator
Supinator muscle rotates the radius laterally at the proximal radioulnar joint. This action puts the radius parallel to the ulna, therefore bringing the hand into the supine position (facing anteriorly, palm up, like holding a bowl of soup).
215
What is B
Trapezium
216
The interossei are present between what bones?
Metacarpal bones
217
What is D
flexor carpi ulnaris
218
Which nerve innervates the dorsal and palmar interossei muscles?
Ulnar
219
What is the most sensitive structure in the carpal tunnel that could be affected in carpal tunnel syndrome?
Median nerve
220
What muscle of the forearm is continuous with the fascia of the palm called the palmar aponeurosis?
Palmaris longus tendon
221
Lesion of which trunk affects these short muscles of the hand? What is the paralysis called?
Lower trunk Klumpke paralysis
222
How many phalanx are there in fingers 2-5 and what are they called
There are proximal, middle and distal phalanges in fingers 2 to 5.
223
What is the motor testing action for ulnar nerve
Spread your fingers
224
What is A
Flexion
225
What is 21
Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle
226
What is 27
Anconeous muscle
227
What is 10
Ulnar nerve
228
How can distal forearm fractures be classified
Colle's fracture
Smiths fracture
Scaphoid fracture
229
What is I
palmaris longus
230
What is C
Abductor pollicis brevis
231
What is D
Tendon of the extensor pollicis brevis
232
What is 9
Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
233
What is B
Transverse head
234
What is A
Extensor retinaculum
235
What makes the medial border of the anatomical snuff box
Extensor pollicis longus
236
What is the combined action of extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris on the wrist joint?
They act as adduction or cause ulnar deviation
237
Which muscles are responsible for radial deviation or abduction of the wrist?
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (Radial Deviation)
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (Midline)
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Ulnar Deviation)
238
What is G
Extensor indicis
239
What is A
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
240
What is C
radial deviation
241
What is B
Insertion of triceps Brachii
242
What is A
Brachial artery
243
What is C
Opponens digiti minimi
244
What is 5
ulner artery
245
What makes up the walls of the carpal tunnel?
Roof = flexor retinaculum Lateral side = scaphoid and trapezium Medial side = Pisiform and hamate
246
What is D
Pisiform
247
What is 25
Extensor digitorum muscle
248
What is K
Median nerve
249
What does the combined action of flexor and extensor carpi ulnaris cause in the wrist
ulnar deviation or balanced adduction of the wrist (That is, adduction without added flexion or extension. This action is necessary for processes like hammering, throwing, golfing and swinging a baseball bat
250
What segmental levels provide nerve fibres to the ulnar nerve?
C8, T1
251
Which artery is the main contributor of the deep palmar arch
Radial
252
What muscles of the hand does the radial nerve supply?
None Supplies skin on the dorsal aspect of the hand
253
What is E
Pronation
254
What is L
Abductor pollicis longus
255
Which nerve inervates the brachioradialis muscle? What is the segmental value?
Radial nerve c5, C6, c7
256
How many dorsal and hor many palmar interossei are there?
4 dorsal 3 palmar
257
What is M
extensor pollicis brevis
258
What is C
Palmaris longus
259
What is N
Extensor pollicis longus
260
In close relation to which part of radius does the brachial artery divides into 2 terminal branches?
Opposite neck of radius
261
What is A
Middle conjoint tendon
262
What two muscles work to abduct the wrist?
Flexor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis)
263
What makes up the floor of the anatomical snuff box
scaphoid and trapezium (carpal bones)
264
What is the sensory testing area for Radial nerve
Posterior arm
Forearm
Dorsal aspect of lateral 3 and half fingers
265
Aswell as extension and abduction of the wrist, what does the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis do, with the help of flexor carpi radialis?
Radial deviation of the wrist
