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2nd Year - Anatomy > Abdomen 2 > Flashcards

Abdomen 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

Transparent serous membrane that covers the body wall and organs

One continuous layer

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2
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

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3
Q

What can the peritoneum form?

A

Folds such as mesenteries and omenta

Ligaments which may be vascular or avascular

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4
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

What are the 2 major divisions of the peritoneal cavity termed?

A

Sacs

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6
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Greater sac

Lesser sac

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7
Q

Through which passage do the greater and lesser sac communicate?

A

Omental foramen

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8
Q

Where is the omental foramen located?

A

Posterior to free edge of lesser omentum

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9
Q

What are the relations of the omental foramen?

A

Anterior - hepatoduodenal ligament

Posterior - IVC and right crus of diaphragm

Superior - liver

Inferior - superior part of duodenum

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10
Q

Organs can be described upon how they are peritonised, what are the 2 different kinds?

A

Intraperitoneal

Retroperitoneal

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11
Q

What are intraperitoneal organs?

A

Ones which are completed surrounded by visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

What kind of peritnoeum are intrapertoneal organs surrouned by?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

Only covered by visceral peritoneum on their anterior surface and therefore are firmly attached to the posterior wall

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14
Q

What are examples of retroperitoneal organs?

A

Duodenum

Caecum

Ascending colon

Descending colon

Pancreas

Kidneys

Aorta

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15
Q

What are examples of intraperitoneal organs?

A

Stomach

Spleen

Liver

Jejenum

Ileum

Transverse colon

Sigmoid colon

Bulb of duodenum

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16
Q

What is A?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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17
Q

What is B?

A

Mesentery (parietal peritoneum)

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18
Q

What is C?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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19
Q

What kind of peritoneum forms mesentery?

A

Parietal peritoneal

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20
Q

What is present within the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritoneal fluid

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21
Q

What does the term extraperitoneal mean?

A

Describes structures in the abdomino-pelvic cavity which are not covered in peritoneum

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22
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain and temperature?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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23
Q

What is A?

A

Lesser omentum

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24
Q

What is B?

A

Greater sac

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25
Q

What is C?

A

Greater omentum

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26
Q

What is D?

A

Lesser sac

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27
Q

What is E?

A

Omental foramen

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28
Q

What are the attachments of the greater omentum?

A

Greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon

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29
Q

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

A

Lesser curvature of stomach to liver

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30
Q

What is A?

A

Greater omentum

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31
Q

What is B?

A

Lesser omentum

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32
Q

What are some clinical notes for the greater omentum?

A

In infection inflammatory exudate causes the omentum to adhere to the site of infection and wrap itself around the infected organ

This localises the infection to a small area protecting against serious diffuse peritonitis

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33
Q

What is pain from the parietal peritoneum innervated by?

A

phrenic nerve?

T7-L1

So can be precisely localised

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34
Q

What is pain from the visceral paritoneum innervated by?

A

Autonomic nerves

So pain is referred and poorly localised

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35
Q

What are the wall muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas mejor

Psoas minor

Iliacus

Quadratus lumborum

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36
Q

What are organs/tubes of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Thoracic duct

Kidneys

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37
Q

What are the main vessels of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Abdominal aorta

IVC

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38
Q

What are the main nerves of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Branches of lumbar plexus:

obturator nerve

femoral nerve

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39
Q

What is A?

A

Quadratus lumborum

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40
Q

What is B?

A

Iliacus

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41
Q

What is C?

A

Psoas major

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42
Q

What is D?

A

Psoas minor

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43
Q

What is A?

A

Femoral nerve

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44
Q

What is B?

A

Obturator nerve

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45
Q

Which of the femoral and obturator nerve is more lateral?

A

Femoral

46
Q

What is A?

A

Caval foramen

47
Q

What is B?

A

Oesophageal hiatus

48
Q

What is C?

A

Aortic hiatus

49
Q

What are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm?

A

Caval foramen

Oesophageal hiatus

Aortic hiatus

50
Q

What is the vertebral level of the caval foramen?

A

T8

51
Q

What is the vertebral level of the oesophageal hiatus?

A

T10

52
Q

What is the vertebral level of the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

53
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the gut tube?

A

Celiac trunk

Superior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

54
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aortia divide into the 2 common iliac arteries?

A

L4

55
Q

How is the inferior vena cava formed in the abdomen?

A

Begins anterior to L5 vertebrae

Ascends on right side of bodies of vertebrae L3-L5 to right of aorta

Travels through caval foramen to thorax

56
Q

What is A?

A

Left gastric artery

57
Q

What is B?

A

Splenic artery

58
Q

What is C?

A

Portal vein

59
Q

What is D?

A

Splenic vein

60
Q

What is E?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

61
Q

What is F?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

62
Q

What is G?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

63
Q

What is H?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

64
Q

What is I?

A

Hepatic artery

65
Q

At what vertebrae level does the celiac trunk form?

A

T12

66
Q

At what vertebrae level does the superior mesenteric artery form?

A

L1

67
Q

At what vertebrae level does the inferior mesenteric artery form?

A

L3

68
Q

What are structures of the foregut?

A

Abdominal part of oesopahgus

Part of duodenum

69
Q

What are structures of the midgut?

A

Most of duodenum

Jejenum

Ileum

Caecum

Ascending colon

Right 2/3 of transverse colon

70
Q

What are structures of the hindgut?

A

Left 1/3 of transverse colon

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Rectum

Upper part of anal canal

71
Q

Where is the obturator and femoral nerve found in relation to the psoas muscle?

A

Obturator is medial and femoral is lateral

72
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

Celiac trunk

73
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

74
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

75
Q

What are additional foregut and midgut derived organs that are not part of the gut tube?

A

Liver

Pancreas

Spleen

Appendix

76
Q

What is A?

A

Hepatic portal vein

77
Q

What is B?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

78
Q

What is C?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

79
Q

What is D?

A

Splenic vein

80
Q

What does blood from the abdominopelvic gastrointestinal tract drain via?

A

Portal system to the liver

81
Q

What is a portal system?

A

System of blood vessels which has a capillary network at each end

82
Q

The portan vein is formed by the union of which 2 major veins of the abdominal cavity?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

Splenic vein

83
Q

Where does blood from the gut tube superior to the diaphragm and inferior to the pelvic floor drain via?

A

Systemic venous system

Meaning that an anastomosis is present at these watersheds (porto-systemic [portocaval] anastomoses)

84
Q

What are the 5 sites of portocaval anastomoses in the body?

A

Distal oesophagus

Rectal

Paraumbilical

Retroperitoneal

Intrahepatic

85
Q

What is the clinical significance of portocaval anastomoses?

A

Fibrosis of liver causes portal hypertension due to bleeding portal veins, producing enlarged varicose veins that may rupture

86
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve supply to abdominal viscera composed of?

A

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser and least)

Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia

Abdominal aortic plexuses

87
Q

What is the parasympathetic nerve supply to abdominal viscera composed of?

A

Anterior and posterior vagal trunks (vagus nerve)

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

88
Q

What effect does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on GI secretions?

A

Sympathetic - decreases

Parasympathetic - increases

89
Q

What effect does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on peristalsis of GI motility?

A

Sympathetic - decreases

Parasympathetic - increases

90
Q

What effect does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on blood vessels?

A

Sympathetic - vasodilates

Parasympathetic - vasoconstriction

91
Q

What is the effect of vagotomy on gastric secretion?

A

Reduce rate of gastric secretion

92
Q

What is vagotomy?

A

Surgical procedure where one or more branches of the vagus nerve are removed

93
Q

What is the functional difference between the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves and the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

Greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves are sympathetic

Pelvic splanchnic nerves are parasympathetic

94
Q

What are the chief differences in the arrangement of ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Sympathetic - next to vertebral column forming sympathetic chain

Parasympathetic - next to target

95
Q

Between what vertebral levels do the kidneys lie?

A

Between T12 and L3 on the posterior abdominal wall

96
Q

Which kidney lies lower and why?

A

The right kidney due to the liver

97
Q

What are the 3 main structures travelling through the hilum of the kidneys?

A

Renal artery

Renal vein

Pelvis of the ureter

98
Q

What is A?

A

Renal artery

99
Q

What is B?

A

Renal vein

100
Q

What is C?

A

Pelvis of ureter

101
Q

What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the structures entering the leaving the hilum of the kidneys?

A

Renal vein

Renal artery

Renal pelvis

102
Q

How are the kidneys peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

103
Q

What type of glands are the suprarenal glands?

A

Endocrine

104
Q

What are the suprarenal glands also known as?

A

Adrenal glands

105
Q

What is the anatomical location of the right adrenal gland?

A

Contact with IVC antero-medially

Contact with liver anterio-laterally

106
Q

What is the anatomical location of the left adrenal gland?

A

Related to spleenm, stomach, pancreas and left crus of diaphragm

107
Q

What are ureters?

A

Muscular ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

108
Q

What is the term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

109
Q

What are the 3 locations where the ureter is constricted?

A

At the junction of the ureters and renal pelvis (pelviuretic junction)

Where ureters cross brim of pelvis inlet

Passage through wall of urinary bladder

110
Q

How are the ureters peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

2nd Year - Anatomy (34 decks)

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