Upper Limb 1 Flashcards
What clinical sign do you see when the long thoracic nerve is injured?
Winged scapula
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What is 14
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Lateral head of triceps brachii muscle
The coracohumeral ligament strengthens what aspect of the joint capsule
superior aspect
What is 1
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First Rib
When may compression of the axillary artery be necessary?
Profuse bleeding occurs due to severe injury to the upper limb
What is the action of teres major on the shoulder joint?
Extension of shoulder joint in saggital plane
Adducts
Medially/internally rotates
What is E
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Medial border
What is the role of the serratus anterior
Important role in protraction of the scapula
At what anatomical point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
Lateral border of the 1st rib
What is G
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Caracoid process
What is C
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Trochlea
What is A
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Medial head of triceps
What is B
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Axillary artery
What is A
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Scapular notch
What is 13
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Teres major muscle
What is C
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Glenoid fossa
What is 2
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Levator scapulae
What is the pectoral girdle
The set of bones which connects the upper limb to the exial skeleton on each side
What muscles abduct the shoulder?
Middle part of deltoid Supraspinatus Trapezius Serratus anterior
What is A
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Surgical neck
Injury to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus causes what?
(what is the cause of this injury, what is effected, what is it called)
Klumpke’s palsy
Muscles effected: -Intrinsic muscles of the hand -Ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers
Cause of injury is undue abduction of the arm -Trying to grab a branch while falling
What is D
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Anatomical neck
What are supraspinatus proximal and distal attatchments
Proximal Arises from supraspinous fossa of the scapula and from fascia overlying the muscle. The muscle converges on a tendon which passes under the acromion and above the shoulder joint.
Distal - Greater tuberosity of humerus
What is B
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Superior angle
What is B
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Basillican vein
What is E
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Coracohumeral ligaments
What is 4
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Rhomboid major muscle
What movement do the muscles of the subscapularis generate?
an adductor and medial rotator of the humerus.
What is I
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Rhomboid major
What muscles cause lateral or external rotation?
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
What is A
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Braciocephalic trunk
What is C
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Infraspinous process
What is the scapulohumeral rhythm?
Consider abduction of the arm from the anatomical position. Initially, all movement will be at the glenohumeral joint, but beyond about the first 30 degrees, for every 3 degrees of abduction, 2 degrees occurs at the shoulder joint and 1 degree at the scapulothoracic joint (2:1 ratio)
What muscles are effected by Erb’s palsy? What nerves supply them?
Biceps brachii - Brachialis, Coracobrachialis (Musculocutaneous nerve)
Brachioradialis - (Radial nerve)
Deltoid - (Axillary nerve)
What is F
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Subscapular fossa
What is J
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Triceps brachii
What is 9
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Lattisismus dorsi
What movement do the muscles of the supraspinatus generate?
Supraspinatus initiates abduction, and as part of the rotator cuff, helps to hold the humeral head in the socket throughout its range of movement. If supraspinatus is paralyzed, abduction may be initiated by leaning to the affected side
What is H
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Inferior angle
What makes the median cubital vein useful for venepuncture
Often the median cubital vein is in a fixed position in the ante-cubital fossa
What is E
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Intertubercular grove
What is B
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Coronoid fossa
What is Purple
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Roots
What forms the medial, posterior and lateral cords of the brachial plexus?
Lateral cord -Upper trunk and middle trunk
Posterior cord -Upper, middle and lower trunks
Medial cord -lower trunk
What are infraspinatus proximal and distal attachments
Proximal - Infraspinous fossa of scapula
Distal - The tendon inserts on the middle facet of the greater tuberosity of the humerus. There is a bursa between infraspinatus and the neck of scapula
What is 2
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Spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
What is C
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Supraglenoid tubercle
What is 5
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Medial border of the scapula
Where does the serratus anterior arise from and insert to?
Arises as interdigitations from the ribs
Inserts into the scapula
What type of synovial joint are the acromioclavicular (AC) and sternoclavicular (SC) joints?
Acromioclavicular -> plane
Sternoclavicular -> saddle
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What is 4
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Clavicle
What is 8
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Inferior angle of the scapula
What is 8
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Teres major
What is B
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Coricoid process
What is A
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Trapezius
What is H
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Rhomboid Minor
What muscles cause protraction of the scapula?
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis major and minor
The coracoacromial arch is made up of what 3 structures?
Acromion
Coracoid process of the scapula
Coraco-acromial ligament
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What is F
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Olecranon fossa
What is D
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Axillary vein
What is F
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Dorsal Venous network
What is the funtcion of the serratus anterior?
Protraction of the scapulae, but mainly serves to stabilise it during limb movements and to keep it pulled against the thoracic cage
What is 12
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Posterior surface of scapula
What is 12
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Long head of triceps bcrachii muscle
What are subscapularis proximal and distal attatchments
Proximal - Medial 2/3 of costal aspect of scapula
Distal - It passes laterally, forming a broad tendon which inserts on the lesser tuberosity, shoulder joint capsule, and the front of the upper shaft of the humerus. Some of the superficial fibers blend with the transverse humeral ligament.
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What muscles extend the shoulder?
Posterior deltoid Latissimus dorsi Teres major
What is 5
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Supraspinatus
What is 7
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Transverse fibres of trapezius muscle
Where is the pectoralis minor located
Pectoralis minor lies deep to the pectoralis major muscle
What is I
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Glenoid fossa
What is 14
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Spine of Scapula
What is 6
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Acromion
What is D
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Greater tubercle
What is D
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Glenohumeral ligament
What is K
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Inferior angle
The axillary artery is the continuation of which artery?
Subclavian artery
What is G
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Levator scapulae
What spinal nerve roots form the brachial plexus?
C5 C6 C7 C8 T1
What is F
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Deltoid tuberosity
What forms the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral walls of the axilla?
Anterior: -Pectoralis Major and minor
Posterior wall -Subscapularis, Teres Major and Latissimus dorsi
Medial wall -Thoracic wall and serratus anterior
Lateral wall -Intratubercular sulcus of the humerus
Which bursa communicates with the shoulder joint cavity?
Subscapula bursa
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What is E
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Medial border
What movement do the muscles of the infraspinatus generate?
It is an lateral rotator of the humerus, but its more important action is as a member of the rotator cuff.
What is D
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Subscapular fossa
What is 2
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Position of costototransverse joints
What is 16
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Teres minor muscle
What is 15
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Greater tubercle of humerus
What is 5
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Inferior angle of the scapula
What is 6
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Infraspinatus
What muscles cause rotation depressing the glenoid cavity?
Inferior trapezius Inferior part of serratus anterior
What is 20
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Medial intermuscular septum
Where do lymphatic vessels from the upper limb drain?
Axillary nodes
What is 11
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Surgical neck of humerus
What is 14
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Infraglenoid tubercle
What is 1
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The trapezius muscle
What is pink
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Terminal branches
What is 9
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Inferior angle of the scapula
What determines the name of the cords in the brachial plexus in the axilla
The cords are named for their position in relation to the axillary artery in the axilla.
What is the deltopectoral triangle? Why is it important?
Triangular space below the clavicle, between deltoid and pactoralis major muscle. Subclavian vein is vound in this triangle for the insertion of central lines
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What is 10
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Cut edge of trapezius muscle
What is D
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Superior angle
What is F
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Acromion process
What is G
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Radial Fossa
What is 11
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Teres minor muscle and fascia
What is 3
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Ascending fibres of trapezius muscle
What is J
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Lateral border
What is 3
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Fourth-seventh rib
What is D
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Ulnar artery
What is 18
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lateral head of triceps brachii muscle
What is A
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Brachial Plexus
What is 13
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Acromion
What is 9
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Head of humerus
Which nerve roots form the upper trunk, middle trunk and lower trunk of the brachial plexus?
Upper -C5 and C6
Middle -C7
Lower -C8 and T1
What is C
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Superior border
What is B
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Coracoacromial ligament
What is 15
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Deltoid muscle
What is C
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Axillary artery
What is G
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Medial epicondyle
What can help to orientate and ‘side’ a clavical
The lateral aspect of a clavicle is flatter than the medial aspect
The superiorsurface is smoother than the inferior surface
The conoid tubercle – attachment for the conoid ligament – is on the inferior aspect of the lateral portion of the clavicle
What muscles adduct the shoulder?
Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Teres major
What is 3
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Supraspinatus muscle
What is C
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Glenohumeral ligament
What is F
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Serratus anterior
What is 2
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Levator scapulae muscle
What is B
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Coracoid process
What is A
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Supra-spinous process
What is D
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Cephalic vein
What is B
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Lateral head of the triceps
What movements of the glenohumeral joint are generated by the rotator cuff muscles?
Abduction, lateral and medial rotation
What is E
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Infra-glenoid tubercle
What is 13
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Coracoid process
What is 16
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Medial intermuscular septum
What is the action of latissimus dorsi on the shoulder joint?
Extends, adducts and medially rotates shoulder joint
What muscles flex the shoulder?
Biceps bracii Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid Coracobrachialis
What is yellow
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Cords
What is 7
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Scapular notch
A boil in the scapular region will drain to lymph nodes where?
Axilla
What is A
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Coracohumeral ligament
What is 21
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Tendon of biceps Brachii muscle
Which part of the shoulder joint capsule is weakest, as it is not protected by muscles or ligaments?
The weakest area of the shoulder joint capsule is just anterior to the attachment of the long head of the triceps at the infraglenoid tubercle, and disloca- tions are most frequent in this inferior anterior region.
What cords form the median nerve?
Lateral and medial cords give off fibres forming the median nerve
What is 7
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Infraspinatus muscle
what is 17
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Ulnar nerves
What muscles cause elevation of the scapula?
Levator scapulae
Upper trapezius
Rhomboids
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What is 17
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Long head of triceps brachii muscle
What is Erb’s point and what is the clinical relevance of it?
Point of unison of C5 and C6 forming the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. Injury commonly sustained at this point during birth or from a fall onto the shoulder. Causes Erb’s palsy resulting in characteristic waiter’s tip appearance of the upper limb -> medialy rotated with wrist flexed
What muscles cause depression of the scapula?
Lower trapezius
Pectoralis major and minor
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What is 9
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Posterior fibres of deltoid muscle
What is C
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Brachial artery
What is D
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Glenoid Cavity
Infection around the umbilicus (e.g. infected tattoo) would drain lymph where?
Above umbilicus -> axilla Below umbilicus -> superficial inguinal
What is 19
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Medial head of triceps brachii muscle
What is 1
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Trapezius
What two veins arise at the dorsal venous arch and where on this arch?
Cephalic vein at lateral end
Basilic vein at medial end
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What is 4
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Rhomboideus major
What is B
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Scapular spine
What is 1
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Descending fibres of trapezius muscle
What is E
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Basillic vein
What is E
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Teres major
What is 4
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Rhomboid minor muscle
What is A
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Cephalic vein
What is 10
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infraspinatus muscle and infraspinateous fascia
What is C
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Median cubital vein
What is G
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Lateral border
What cord does the ulnar nerve come from?
Medial cord once fibres are given off for the median nerve
Infection in the little finger will drain to lymph nodes where?
Axilla
What is 6
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Rhomboid major muscle
Where do the fibres of the pectoralis major originate?
Medial third of the clavicle, the sternum and costal cartilage of the first 6 ribs and rectus sheath
The axillary artery continues beyond the axilla as which vessel?
Brachial artery
The entire upper limb and pectoral girdle articulate at one small joint only, which is this?
Sternoclavicular
What is 18
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Olecranon
What is 10
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Glenoid cavity
What is 12
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Lattissimus dorsi muscle
What is A
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lesser tubercle
What is the action of the pectoralis major on the shoulder joint?
Adduct and medially rotate the humerus at the glenohumeral joint
What is 6
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Latissimus dorsi muscle
The median cubital vein is a large communicating vein which shunts blood from where to where?
cephalic vein -> basilic vein
What is A
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Acromion
What is the role of the subacromial bursa?
Facilitates movement of the supraspinatus tendon under the coraco-acromial arch and of the deltoid over the joint capsule and the greater tubercle of the humerus
What is the nerve supply to the trapezius?
Accessory nerve
What is 8
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Spine of scapula
What does the cephalic vein puncture in order to drain into the axillary vein
The Clevipectoral fascia
The medial and lateral portions of the breast drain lymph where?
Medial -> internal thoracic
Lateral -> axilla
What common sporting injury damages the subacromial bursa?
Rotator cuff injury includes tendinitis and partial or complete tears; subacromial bursitis may result from tendinitis. Symptoms are shoulder area pain and, with severe tears, weakness.
What is the nerve supply to serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve
What is D
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Subscapula fossa
What is D
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Teres minor
What is the nerve supply to the deltoid?
Axillary nerve
Where does the origin of the deltoid extend from and what is its distal attatchment
Lateral spine of the scapula, passing across the acromion to the lateral 3rd of the clavicle
Its distal attachment is to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
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What is 15
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Medial head of triceps brachii muscle
Name the 5 distinct groups of axillary lymph nodes
Anterior/pectoral group
Posterior/subscapular group
Apical group
Central group
Lateral/brachial
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What are teres minor proximal and distal attachments
Proximal - Teres minor arises from the upper two thirds of the lateral border of the scapula
Distal - Lesser tuberosity of humerus
What nerves come from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
Axillary
radial nerve
Thoracodorsal nerve
Upper and lower subscapular nerve
What is B
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Axillary lymph nodes central groups
What is B
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Deltoid
What are the 2 main Bursa in the shoulder?
What is 7
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Teres minor
What is the function of the pectoralis minor
it splits the axillary artery into 3 parts. Along with the serratus anterior it serves to stabilise the scapula during limb movements by keeping it pulled against the thoracic cage.
What is C
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Infraspinatus
What do all the different fibres of the trapezius do to the scapula?
Superior fibres -> elevate
Middle fibres -> retract (move back to the thorax)
Inferior fibres -> depress
What msucles cause medial or internal rotation of the shoulder?
Subscapularis Lattisimus dorsi Pectoralis major Teres major
What is Orange
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Trunks
What is E
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Shaft
What is the glenoid labrum?
Rim of cartilage surrounding the socket of the glenoid cavity. Doubles the glenoid depth and increases the surface area. Acts as a “chock block” limiting glenohumeral translation
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What is C
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Head
What is 3
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Rhomboideus minor
What movement do the muscles of the teres minor generate?
Teres minor is an adductor and lateral rotator of the humerus, and helps to oppose upward subluxation of the humerus due to the powerful actions of deltoid, biceps brachii, and triceps. Its main action is as a member of the rotator cuff.
What is H
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Capitulum
What foreamen does the accessory nerve pass through?
The Jugular foreamen
What is E
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Radial artery
Where could you test for loss of sensation in axillary nerve injury?
Shoulder badge region Lateral side of proximal part of arm - C5 dermatome Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
What muscles cause retraction of the scapula?
Middle trapezius Rhomboids
What is 8
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Spine of scapula
Musculocutaneous nerve comes from which brachial plexus cord?
Lateral cord once the branch for the median nerve is given off
Which part of the clavicle is weakest and commonly breaks?
Junction of middle and lateral thirds
What is H
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Supraglenoid fossa
What are the branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
Lateral pectoral
Lateral root of median nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
What is 11
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Intrinsic muscle of back with fascia
What is 16
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Anatomical neck of humerus
What are the branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
Medial pectoral
Ulnar nerve
Medial root of median nerve
Medial cutaneous nerve of the arm
Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm
What is B
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Radial groove
What do each of the fibres of the deltoid do?
Anterior fibres -> medially rotate and flexes at the shoulder joint
Middle fibres -> abduct the arm at the shoulder joint
Posterior fibres -> extend and laterally rotate at the shoulder joint
What is A
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Acromion
At what anatomical point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
Inferior border of the teres major
What is 5
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Position of acromioclavicular joint