BONES

Question 1

The skeleton is divided descriptively into two parts. What are they called?

Answer 1

Appendicular

Axial

Question 2

What part of the skeleton are the ribs

Answer 2

Axial

Question 3

What part of the skeleton is the clavicle

Answer 3

Appendicular

Question 4

What part of the skeleton is the pelvis

Answer 4

Appendicular

Question 5

What is bone composed of?

Answer 5

Collagen fibres and crystalline calcium salts

Question 6

What shapes of bones can be found?

Answer 6

Long
Flat
Pneumatic 
Sesamoid 
irregular

Question 7

Where are long bones (tubular) found

Answer 7

Limbs

Question 8

Where are flat bones found

Answer 8

Skull

Question 9

Where are short bones (cuboidal) found

Answer 9

Wrist

Question 10

Where are Pneumatic bones found

Answer 10

Air filled cavities (skull)

Question 11

Where are sesamoid bones found

Answer 11

Patella

Question 12

Where are irregular bones found

Answer 12

Verterbrae or bones of the face

Question 13

What are the different types of bone density called

Answer 13

Compact cortical bone

Spongy cancellous bone (trabeculae)

Question 14

What is the diaphysis

Answer 14

Shaft of the bone

Question 15

What is the shaft of the bone called

Answer 15

diaphysis

Question 16

What is the epiphysis

Answer 16

End of the bone

Question 17

What is the end of the bone called

Answer 17

epiphysis

Question 18

What is the metaphysis

Answer 18

Narrow portion between the diaphysis and epiphysis which contains the epiphyseal growth plate

Question 19

What is the narrow portion between the diaphysis and epiphysis which contains the epiphyseal growth plate called

Answer 19

Metaphysis

Question 20

What membrane surrounds bone

Answer 20

Periosteum

Question 21

What is the composition of the periosteum

Answer 21

The periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. It is divided into an outer “fibrous layer” and inner “cambium layer” (or “osteogenic layer”). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts.

Question 22

What are the layers of the periosteum

Answer 22

It is divided into an outer “fibrous layer” and inner “cambium layer” (or “osteogenic layer”).

Question 23

What does the fibrous layer of the periosteum contain?

Answer 23

The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts,

Question 24

What does the cambium layer of the periosteum contain

Answer 24

Progenitor cells (mesenchymal stem cells) that develop into osteoblasts.

Question 25

What osteogenic cells are found in the periosteum

Answer 25

osteoblasts

Question 26

What covers the inside of compact bone

Answer 26

Endosteum

Question 27

Where on the bone are sensory fibres located that detect pain?

Answer 27

Periosteum

Question 28

What are the two types of bone growth

Answer 28

Appositional | Interstitial

Question 29

What is appositional bone growth

Answer 29

Increase in width

Question 30

What is Interstitial bone growth

Answer 30

Increase in length

Question 31

Where does appositional bone growth originate

Answer 31

The periosteum

Question 32

Where does interstitial bone growth originate

Answer 32

The epiphyseal growth plate

Question 33

What is the function of the sesamoid bone?

Answer 33

To prevent friction between the femur, tibia and fibia | as it allows the tendon to be attached over the top

Question 34

What is bone?

Answer 34

A calcified, living, connective tissue.

Question 35

What does bone act as a reservoir of?

Answer 35

calcium and phosphorus

Question 36

What is trabeculae bone composed of?

Answer 36

Spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood-forming cells (marrow)

Question 37

Are bones vascular?

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

Are bones innervated?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

How do bones get their nutrients

Answer 39

An adjacent artery gives of a nutrient artery which directly enters the internal cavity of the bone.

Question 40

What parts of a bone gets nutrients from the artery

Answer 40

Marrow Spongy bone Inner layers of compact bone

Question 41

How does the outer layers of compact bone get nutrients

Answer 41

from the Periosteum and its blood supply

Question 42

What are the nerve types that pass into the internal cavity of the bone and what do they do

Answer 42

Vasomotor | Regulate blood flow

Question 43

What is intramembranous ossification

Answer 43

The mesenchymal models of bones undergo ossification

Question 44

What is endochondral ossification

Answer 44

Cartilaginous models of bone form from mesenchyme and undergo ossification

Question 45

At what age does skeletal maturity occur

Answer 45

Between 20 and 25

Question 46

How many types of bone marrow are there

Answer 46

2

Question 47

What are the different types of bone marrow called

Answer 47

``` Red marrow (myeloid tissue) Yellow marrow ```

Question 48

What arises within the red marrow (x3)

Answer 48

Red blood cells Platelets Most white blood cells

Question 49

What arises within the yellow marrow

Answer 49

Mainly large fat globules | a few white cells

Question 50

What type of bone marrow is predominant at birth

Answer 50

Red

Question 51

What two types of stem cells are found in the bone marrow

Answer 51

Hemopoietic | Mesenchymal

Question 52

What do Hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow give rise to

Answer 52

White blood cells red blood cells Platelets

Question 53

What do mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow give rise to

Answer 53

Bone Cartilage Muscle

Question 54

What is a bone marrow malignancy called?

Answer 54

leukemia

Question 55

What is a treatment available for leukemia that uses stem cells?

Answer 55

Bone marrow transplant

Question 56

What is a greenstick fracture

Answer 56

A fracture in children that occurs across the shaft or the growth plate. it involves partial cortical disruption

Question 57

What is avascular necrosis

Answer 57

Cellular death of bone resulting from a temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to that bone.

Question 58

Where is a typical sight for avascular necrosis to occur

Answer 58

Head of the femur

Question 59

What is osteporosis

Answer 59

A disease where the bone mineral density is significantly reduced

Question 60

How is compact bone arranged

Answer 60

Circumferentially