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2nd Year - Anatomy > BONES > Flashcards

BONES Flashcards

1
Q

The skeleton is divided descriptively into two parts. What are they called?

A

Appendicular

Axial

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2
Q

What part of the skeleton are the ribs

A

Axial

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3
Q

What part of the skeleton is the clavicle

A

Appendicular

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4
Q

What part of the skeleton is the pelvis

A

Appendicular

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5
Q

What is bone composed of?

A

Collagen fibres and crystalline calcium salts

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6
Q

What shapes of bones can be found?

A 
Long
Flat
Pneumatic 
Sesamoid 
irregular
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7
Q

Where are long bones (tubular) found

A

Limbs

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8
Q

Where are flat bones found

A

Skull

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9
Q

Where are short bones (cuboidal) found

A

Wrist

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10
Q

Where are Pneumatic bones found

A

Air filled cavities (skull)

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11
Q

Where are sesamoid bones found

A

Patella

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12
Q

Where are irregular bones found

A

Verterbrae or bones of the face

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13
Q

What are the different types of bone density called

A

Compact cortical bone

Spongy cancellous bone (trabeculae)

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14
Q

What is the diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone

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15
Q

What is the shaft of the bone called

A

diaphysis

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16
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

End of the bone

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17
Q

What is the end of the bone called

A

epiphysis

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18
Q

What is the metaphysis

A

Narrow portion between the diaphysis and epiphysis which contains the epiphyseal growth plate

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19
Q

What is the narrow portion between the diaphysis and epiphysis which contains the epiphyseal growth plate called

A

Metaphysis

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20
Q

What membrane surrounds bone

A

Periosteum

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21
Q

What is the composition of the periosteum

A

The periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. It is divided into an outer “fibrous layer” and inner “cambium layer” (or “osteogenic layer”). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts.

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22
Q

What are the layers of the periosteum

A

It is divided into an outer “fibrous layer” and inner “cambium layer” (or “osteogenic layer”).

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23
Q

What does the fibrous layer of the periosteum contain?

A

The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts,

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24
Q

What does the cambium layer of the periosteum contain

A

Progenitor cells (mesenchymal stem cells) that develop into osteoblasts.

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25
Q

What osteogenic cells are found in the periosteum

A

osteoblasts

26
Q

What covers the inside of compact bone

A

Endosteum

27
Q

Where on the bone are sensory fibres located that detect pain?

A

Periosteum

28
Q

What are the two types of bone growth

A

Appositional

Interstitial

29
Q

What is appositional bone growth

A

Increase in width

30
Q

What is Interstitial bone growth

A

Increase in length

31
Q

Where does appositional bone growth originate

A

The periosteum

32
Q

Where does interstitial bone growth originate

A

The epiphyseal growth plate

33
Q

What is the function of the sesamoid bone?

A

To prevent friction between the femur, tibia and fibia

as it allows the tendon to be attached over the top

34
Q

What is bone?

A

A calcified, living, connective tissue.

35
Q

What does bone act as a reservoir of?

A

calcium and phosphorus

36
Q

What is trabeculae bone composed of?

A

Spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood-forming cells (marrow)

37
Q

Are bones vascular?

A

Yes

38
Q

Are bones innervated?

A

Yes

39
Q

How do bones get their nutrients

A

An adjacent artery gives of a nutrient artery which directly enters the internal cavity of the bone.

40
Q

What parts of a bone gets nutrients from the artery

A

Marrow
Spongy bone
Inner layers of compact bone

41
Q

How does the outer layers of compact bone get nutrients

A

from the Periosteum and its blood supply

42
Q

What are the nerve types that pass into the internal cavity of the bone and what do they do

A

Vasomotor

Regulate blood flow

43
Q

What is intramembranous ossification

A

The mesenchymal models of bones undergo ossification

44
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

Cartilaginous models of bone form from mesenchyme and undergo ossification

45
Q

At what age does skeletal maturity occur

A

Between 20 and 25

46
Q

How many types of bone marrow are there

A

2

47
Q

What are the different types of bone marrow called

A 
Red marrow (myeloid tissue) 
Yellow marrow
48
Q

What arises within the red marrow (x3)

A

Red blood cells
Platelets
Most white blood cells

49
Q

What arises within the yellow marrow

A

Mainly large fat globules

a few white cells

50
Q

What type of bone marrow is predominant at birth

A

Red

51
Q

What two types of stem cells are found in the bone marrow

A

Hemopoietic

Mesenchymal

52
Q

What do Hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow give rise to

A

White blood cells
red blood cells
Platelets

53
Q

What do mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow give rise to

A

Bone
Cartilage
Muscle

54
Q

What is a bone marrow malignancy called?

A

leukemia

55
Q

What is a treatment available for leukemia that uses stem cells?

A

Bone marrow transplant

56
Q

What is a greenstick fracture

A

A fracture in children that occurs across the shaft or the growth plate.
it involves partial cortical disruption

57
Q

What is avascular necrosis

A

Cellular death of bone resulting from a temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to that bone.

58
Q

Where is a typical sight for avascular necrosis to occur

A

Head of the femur

59
Q

What is osteporosis

A

A disease where the bone mineral density is significantly reduced

60
Q

How is compact bone arranged

A

Circumferentially

2nd Year - Anatomy (34 decks)

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