BONES Flashcards
The skeleton is divided descriptively into two parts. What are they called?
Appendicular
Axial
What part of the skeleton are the ribs
Axial
What part of the skeleton is the clavicle
Appendicular
What part of the skeleton is the pelvis
Appendicular
What is bone composed of?
Collagen fibres and crystalline calcium salts
What shapes of bones can be found?
Long Flat Pneumatic Sesamoid irregular
Where are long bones (tubular) found
Limbs
Where are flat bones found
Skull
Where are short bones (cuboidal) found
Wrist
Where are Pneumatic bones found
Air filled cavities (skull)
Where are sesamoid bones found
Patella
Where are irregular bones found
Verterbrae or bones of the face
What are the different types of bone density called
Compact cortical bone
Spongy cancellous bone (trabeculae)
What is the diaphysis
Shaft of the bone
What is the shaft of the bone called
diaphysis
What is the epiphysis
End of the bone
What is the end of the bone called
epiphysis
What is the metaphysis
Narrow portion between the diaphysis and epiphysis which contains the epiphyseal growth plate
What is the narrow portion between the diaphysis and epiphysis which contains the epiphyseal growth plate called
Metaphysis
What membrane surrounds bone
Periosteum
What is the composition of the periosteum
The periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. It is divided into an outer “fibrous layer” and inner “cambium layer” (or “osteogenic layer”). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts.
What are the layers of the periosteum
It is divided into an outer “fibrous layer” and inner “cambium layer” (or “osteogenic layer”).
What does the fibrous layer of the periosteum contain?
The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts,
What does the cambium layer of the periosteum contain
Progenitor cells (mesenchymal stem cells) that develop into osteoblasts.
What osteogenic cells are found in the periosteum
osteoblasts
What covers the inside of compact bone
Endosteum
Where on the bone are sensory fibres located that detect pain?
Periosteum
What are the two types of bone growth
Appositional
Interstitial
What is appositional bone growth
Increase in width
What is Interstitial bone growth
Increase in length
Where does appositional bone growth originate
The periosteum
Where does interstitial bone growth originate
The epiphyseal growth plate
What is the function of the sesamoid bone?
To prevent friction between the femur, tibia and fibia
as it allows the tendon to be attached over the top
What is bone?
A calcified, living, connective tissue.
What does bone act as a reservoir of?
calcium and phosphorus
What is trabeculae bone composed of?
Spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood-forming cells (marrow)
Are bones vascular?
Yes
Are bones innervated?
Yes
How do bones get their nutrients
An adjacent artery gives of a nutrient artery which directly enters the internal cavity of the bone.
What parts of a bone gets nutrients from the artery
Marrow
Spongy bone
Inner layers of compact bone
How does the outer layers of compact bone get nutrients
from the Periosteum and its blood supply
What are the nerve types that pass into the internal cavity of the bone and what do they do
Vasomotor
Regulate blood flow
What is intramembranous ossification
The mesenchymal models of bones undergo ossification
What is endochondral ossification
Cartilaginous models of bone form from mesenchyme and undergo ossification
At what age does skeletal maturity occur
Between 20 and 25
How many types of bone marrow are there
2
What are the different types of bone marrow called
Red marrow (myeloid tissue) Yellow marrow
What arises within the red marrow (x3)
Red blood cells
Platelets
Most white blood cells
What arises within the yellow marrow
Mainly large fat globules
a few white cells
What type of bone marrow is predominant at birth
Red
What two types of stem cells are found in the bone marrow
Hemopoietic
Mesenchymal
What do Hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow give rise to
White blood cells
red blood cells
Platelets
What do mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow give rise to
Bone
Cartilage
Muscle
What is a bone marrow malignancy called?
leukemia
What is a treatment available for leukemia that uses stem cells?
Bone marrow transplant
What is a greenstick fracture
A fracture in children that occurs across the shaft or the growth plate.
it involves partial cortical disruption
What is avascular necrosis
Cellular death of bone resulting from a temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to that bone.
Where is a typical sight for avascular necrosis to occur
Head of the femur
What is osteporosis
A disease where the bone mineral density is significantly reduced
How is compact bone arranged
Circumferentially
