Upper and Lower Urinary Tract- Fields Flashcards
1
Q
which kidney is higher than the other
A
L is higher than R
2
Q
vertebral level of transpyloric plane
A
T12-L1
3
Q
vertebral level of transumbilical plane
A
L3-L4
4
Q
happens to kidneys when moving from supine to vertical position
A
nephroptosis (kidneys migrate to lower level)
5
Q
where does urine go from renal papilla
A
into minor calyx
6
Q
vessels enter and exit into kidney through this
A
hilum
7
Q
A
renal pelvis
8
Q
renal arteries are anterior or posterior to renal veins
A
posterior
9
Q
L suprarenal a. and L gonadal a. drain where
A
L renal vein and then to IVC
10
Q
R suprarenal a. and R gonadal a. drain where
A
IVC
11
Q
significance of segmental branches of renal arteries
A
access to renal pelvis that is a relatively vascular free region
12
Q
zone of relatively avascular region of posterior kidney (good for surgeons)
A
Brodel’s line
13
Q
2 main branches of renal artery
A
anterior and posterior
14
Q
branches off of segmental arteries of renal a
A
terminal branches
15
Q
urine flows from collecting duct to ____ and then ____
A
renal papilla and minor calyx
16
Q
excretion of urine=
A
filtration- reabsorption + secretion
17
Q
happens when L renal vein gets compressed by superior mesenteric a.
A
Nutcracker syndrome (venous backup and varices)
18
Q
lymphatic drainage of R and L kidney
A
R and L lumbar trunks to thoracic duct back to venous circulation in L subclavian vein
19
Q
lesser and least thoracic splanchnic n., superior mesenteric ganglion and aorticorenal ganglion make up what
A
renal plexus
20
Q
this splanchnic nerve runs w/ T10-T11
A
lesser thoracic splanchnic n
21
Q
this splanchnic n. runs with T12
A
least thoracic splanchnic n.
22
Q
causes vasoconstriction and visceral pain of kidneys
A
sympathetics
23
Q
parasympathetic innervation of kidneys
A
none
24
Q
if you severe _____ to the kidneys, blood flow is increased resulting in diuresis
A
sympathetics
25
increased production of urine
diuresis
26
ganglion found superior to or posterior to renal artery
aorticorenal ganglion
27
staghorn calculus (stone in clayx and renal pelvis)
28
kidney dermatome level
T10-T12
29
2 mains spaces around kidneys
perirenal and pararenal
30
fascia that surrounds kidney in b/t pararenal space and perirenal space (surrounds kidney and suprarenal gland)
Gerota's fascia
31
fascia that surrounds pararenal space
transversalis fascia
32
learn this picture (U.S)
33
fat outside of gerota's fascia
pararenal fat
34
space in between parietal peritoneum of kidney and visceral peritoneum of liver
Morrison's pouch
35
1st layer of fascia you will go through during a posterior surgical approach to the kidney
transversalis fascia
36
where will blood go (tear in renal cortex)
remain in kidney
37
where will blood go (tear in renal cortex and capsule)
into perirenal space (perirenal fat too)
38
where will blood go
pararenal space
39
where will blood go in a shattered kidney
Morrison's pouch
40
where will blood go
perirenal and pararenal space
41
yellow arrow
Morrison's pouch
42
3 main sites of fluid pools checked during FAST exam
1. Morrison's pouch
2. recto-vesical/recto-uterine pouch
3. pericardial sac
43
in males, where does the ureter pass under
vas deferens and prostatic a.
44
in females, where does ureter pass under
uterine a.
45
where stones can be lodged as ureter passes over this
pelvic brim
46
ureter passes over or under gonadal a.
under
47
question mark
IVC
48
provide ureteric peristalsis and visceral pain
sympathetics
49
provide just utereric parastalsis
parasympathetics
50
site of referred pain depends on what
where stone is lodged
51
3 main splanchnic n. cell bodies innervating ureters
least thoracic splanchnic n
lumbar splanchnic n
sacral splanchnic n
52
ganglion at T12 innervating ureters
aorticorenal ganglion
53
ganglion at L1-L2 innervating ureter
aortic plexus ganglia
54
ganglia at L1-L2 innervating ureters
inferior hypogastric plexus
55
3 main arteries supplying ureter
renal
gonadal
internal iliac
56
renal a. dermatome level
T12
57
testicular a. dermatome level
L1-L2
58
internal iliac a. dermatome level
L1-L2
59
referred pain levels for ureters
T12-L2
60
what dermatome level is transumbilical plane
T10
61
dermatome level of suprapubic plane
L1
62
dermatome level of medial thigh and anterior groin
L2
63
ureterolith
stone
64
lymphatic drainage of ureters
R and L lumbar trunks to thoracic duct and then back in venous circulation to L subclavian v
65
space indicated by yellow arrow
peritoneal cavity (Morrison's pouch)
66
this keeps the organs in the pelvis
pelvic diaphragm
67
prolapsed bladder creates bulge in anterior wall of vagina (due to weak pelvic diaphragm)
CYSTOCELE
68
layers of bladder from outside to inside
peritoneum
adventitia
detrusor m
mucosa(inside)
69
3 main parts of interior of bladder
ureter openings
trigone
urethra
70
what helps prevent the spread of infection to kidneys
ureter openings at oblique angle; when bladder expands, openings close
71
2 main arteries supplying the bladder
internal iliac a. via vesicular arteries
72
lymphatic drainage of the superior aspect of bladder
external iliac nodes to lumbar trunks to thoracic duct
73
lymphatic drainage of inferior aspect of bladder
internal iliac nodes to lumbar trunks to thoracic duct
74
what contributes sympathetic innervation to the bladder
splanchnic nerves from T10-L2
75
3 main plexuses innervating bladder
aortic plexus
superior hypogastric plexus
inferior hypogastric plexus
76
what contributes parasympathetic innervation to bladder
pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) following inferior hypogastric plexus
77
the act of urinating
micturation
78
bladder filling deals with sympathetics or parasympathetics
sympathetics
79
bladder emptying deals with sympathetics or parasympathetics or somatic
parasympathetics and somatic
80
how does the bladder fill:
detrusor muscle relaxes
sphincter vesicae contract
81
what prevents reflux of semen into bladder during ejaculation
contraction of sphincter (closes it)
82
what type of muscle are detrusor and sphincter
smooth
83
how does the bladder empty:
detrusor muscle contracts
sphincter relaxes
external sphincter contracts
84
UG diaphragm/external sphincter/sphincter urethrae role after bladder fills
contracts (inhibits urine release)
85
type of muscle of sphincter urethrae (external sphincter) and what is it innervated by
skeletal muscle; innervated by pudendal n.
86
what provides the foundation for external genitalia in both males and females
urogenital diaphragm
87
3 portions of urogenital diaphragm
superior fascia
sphincter urethra m.
perineal membrane (inferior fascia)
88
only portion of urethra that females have
membranous
89
3 portions of urethra that males have
prostatic
membranous
spongy
90
corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum
blood filling regions of male genitalia
91
from mesoderm in the tip of penis
glans penis
92
from ectoderm in the tip of penis
Navicular fossa
93
4 lobes of prostate gland
anterior
middle
posterior
lateral
94
what do physicians palpate when doing rectal exam (will feel hard if enlarged)
posterior lobe of prostate gland
95
what zone of prostate gland surrounds prostatic urethra (b/t anterior and middle lobe)
transitional zone
96
what separates median and posterior lobes of prostate gland
ejaculatory duct
97
BPH is seen where (which zone of prostate gland)
transitional zone
98
enlarged median lobe that can cause urine to collect and not empty fully and frequent trips to the bathroom
uvula
99
main zone of prostate gland where prostate cancer is seen
peripheral zone (b/t anterior and posterior lobes)
100
most common in men and happens when they are riding a bike
membranous urethra tear
101
less common in females but due to pelvic fracture
membranous urethra tear
102
space behind pubic bone and in front of bladder
space of retzius
103
this space contains extraperitonal fat and fascia
space of retzius
104
where will urine spill in a membranous urethral tear just above superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
into space of retzius
105
deep fascia in abdomen
Buck's fascia
106
superficial fascia in abdomen
camper's, scarpa's
107
where will urine spill in membranous urethral tear below inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
into space b/t deep and superficial fascia of anterior abdominal wall up to umbilicus
108
penetrating wound of bladder above pubic bone where will urine spill
into peritoneal cavity
109
penetrating wound of bladder via crushed pelvis where will urine spill
into space of retzius
110
senses NaCl levels in the body and responds by activating RAAS
macula densa
111
removes debris from the body and located around JG apparatus
mesangial cells
