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URN Biweekly 1 > Upper and Lower Urinary Tract- Fields > Flashcards

Upper and Lower Urinary Tract- Fields Flashcards

1
Q

which kidney is higher than the other

A

L is higher than R

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2
Q

vertebral level of transpyloric plane

A

T12-L1

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3
Q

vertebral level of transumbilical plane

A

L3-L4

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4
Q

happens to kidneys when moving from supine to vertical position

A

nephroptosis (kidneys migrate to lower level)

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5
Q

where does urine go from renal papilla

A

into minor calyx

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6
Q

vessels enter and exit into kidney through this

A

hilum

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7
Q
A

renal pelvis

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8
Q

renal arteries are anterior or posterior to renal veins

A

posterior

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9
Q

L suprarenal a. and L gonadal a. drain where

A

L renal vein and then to IVC

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10
Q

R suprarenal a. and R gonadal a. drain where

A

IVC

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11
Q

significance of segmental branches of renal arteries

A

access to renal pelvis that is a relatively vascular free region

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12
Q

zone of relatively avascular region of posterior kidney (good for surgeons)

A

Brodel’s line

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13
Q

2 main branches of renal artery

A

anterior and posterior

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14
Q

branches off of segmental arteries of renal a

A

terminal branches

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15
Q

urine flows from collecting duct to ____ and then ____

A

renal papilla and minor calyx

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16
Q

excretion of urine=

A

filtration- reabsorption + secretion

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17
Q

happens when L renal vein gets compressed by superior mesenteric a.

A

Nutcracker syndrome (venous backup and varices)

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18
Q

lymphatic drainage of R and L kidney

A

R and L lumbar trunks to thoracic duct back to venous circulation in L subclavian vein

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19
Q

lesser and least thoracic splanchnic n., superior mesenteric ganglion and aorticorenal ganglion make up what

A

renal plexus

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20
Q

this splanchnic nerve runs w/ T10-T11

A

lesser thoracic splanchnic n

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21
Q

this splanchnic n. runs with T12

A

least thoracic splanchnic n.

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22
Q

causes vasoconstriction and visceral pain of kidneys

A

sympathetics

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23
Q

parasympathetic innervation of kidneys

A

none

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24
Q

if you severe _____ to the kidneys, blood flow is increased resulting in diuresis

A

sympathetics

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25
Q

increased production of urine

A

diuresis

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26
Q

ganglion found superior to or posterior to renal artery

A

aorticorenal ganglion

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27
Q
A

staghorn calculus (stone in clayx and renal pelvis)

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28
Q

kidney dermatome level

A

T10-T12

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29
Q

2 mains spaces around kidneys

A

perirenal and pararenal

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30
Q

fascia that surrounds kidney in b/t pararenal space and perirenal space (surrounds kidney and suprarenal gland)

A

Gerota’s fascia

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31
Q

fascia that surrounds pararenal space

A

transversalis fascia

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32
Q

learn this picture (U.S)

A
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33
Q

fat outside of gerota’s fascia

A

pararenal fat

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34
Q

space in between parietal peritoneum of kidney and visceral peritoneum of liver

A

Morrison’s pouch

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35
Q

1st layer of fascia you will go through during a posterior surgical approach to the kidney

A

transversalis fascia

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36
Q

where will blood go (tear in renal cortex)

A

remain in kidney

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37
Q

where will blood go (tear in renal cortex and capsule)

A

into perirenal space (perirenal fat too)

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38
Q

where will blood go

A

pararenal space

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39
Q

where will blood go in a shattered kidney

A

Morrison’s pouch

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40
Q

where will blood go

A

perirenal and pararenal space

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41
Q

yellow arrow

A

Morrison’s pouch

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42
Q

3 main sites of fluid pools checked during FAST exam

A
  1. Morrison’s pouch
  2. recto-vesical/recto-uterine pouch
  3. pericardial sac
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43
Q

in males, where does the ureter pass under

A

vas deferens and prostatic a.

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44
Q

in females, where does ureter pass under

A

uterine a.

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45
Q

where stones can be lodged as ureter passes over this

A

pelvic brim

46
Q

ureter passes over or under gonadal a.

A

under

47
Q

question mark

A

IVC

48
Q

provide ureteric peristalsis and visceral pain

A

sympathetics

49
Q

provide just utereric parastalsis

A

parasympathetics

50
Q

site of referred pain depends on what

A

where stone is lodged

51
Q

3 main splanchnic n. cell bodies innervating ureters

A

least thoracic splanchnic n
lumbar splanchnic n
sacral splanchnic n

52
Q

ganglion at T12 innervating ureters

A

aorticorenal ganglion

53
Q

ganglion at L1-L2 innervating ureter

A

aortic plexus ganglia

54
Q

ganglia at L1-L2 innervating ureters

A

inferior hypogastric plexus

55
Q

3 main arteries supplying ureter

A

renal
gonadal
internal iliac

56
Q

renal a. dermatome level

A

T12

57
Q

testicular a. dermatome level

A

L1-L2

58
Q

internal iliac a. dermatome level

A

L1-L2

59
Q

referred pain levels for ureters

A

T12-L2

60
Q

what dermatome level is transumbilical plane

A

T10

61
Q

dermatome level of suprapubic plane

A

L1

62
Q

dermatome level of medial thigh and anterior groin

A

L2

63
Q

ureterolith

A

stone

64
Q

lymphatic drainage of ureters

A

R and L lumbar trunks to thoracic duct and then back in venous circulation to L subclavian v

65
Q

space indicated by yellow arrow

A

peritoneal cavity (Morrison’s pouch)

66
Q

this keeps the organs in the pelvis

A

pelvic diaphragm

67
Q

prolapsed bladder creates bulge in anterior wall of vagina (due to weak pelvic diaphragm)

A

CYSTOCELE

68
Q

layers of bladder from outside to inside

A

peritoneum
adventitia
detrusor m
mucosa(inside)

69
Q

3 main parts of interior of bladder

A

ureter openings
trigone
urethra

70
Q

what helps prevent the spread of infection to kidneys

A

ureter openings at oblique angle; when bladder expands, openings close

71
Q

2 main arteries supplying the bladder

A

internal iliac a. via vesicular arteries

72
Q

lymphatic drainage of the superior aspect of bladder

A

external iliac nodes to lumbar trunks to thoracic duct

73
Q

lymphatic drainage of inferior aspect of bladder

A

internal iliac nodes to lumbar trunks to thoracic duct

74
Q

what contributes sympathetic innervation to the bladder

A

splanchnic nerves from T10-L2

75
Q

3 main plexuses innervating bladder

A

aortic plexus
superior hypogastric plexus
inferior hypogastric plexus

76
Q

what contributes parasympathetic innervation to bladder

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) following inferior hypogastric plexus

77
Q

the act of urinating

A

micturation

78
Q

bladder filling deals with sympathetics or parasympathetics

A

sympathetics

79
Q

bladder emptying deals with sympathetics or parasympathetics or somatic

A

parasympathetics and somatic

80
Q

how does the bladder fill:

A

detrusor muscle relaxes
sphincter vesicae contract

81
Q

what prevents reflux of semen into bladder during ejaculation

A

contraction of sphincter (closes it)

82
Q

what type of muscle are detrusor and sphincter

A

smooth

83
Q

how does the bladder empty:

A

detrusor muscle contracts
sphincter relaxes
external sphincter contracts

84
Q

UG diaphragm/external sphincter/sphincter urethrae role after bladder fills

A

contracts (inhibits urine release)

85
Q

type of muscle of sphincter urethrae (external sphincter) and what is it innervated by

A

skeletal muscle; innervated by pudendal n.

86
Q

what provides the foundation for external genitalia in both males and females

A

urogenital diaphragm

87
Q

3 portions of urogenital diaphragm

A

superior fascia
sphincter urethra m.
perineal membrane (inferior fascia)

88
Q

only portion of urethra that females have

A

membranous

89
Q

3 portions of urethra that males have

A

prostatic
membranous
spongy

90
Q

corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum

A

blood filling regions of male genitalia

91
Q

from mesoderm in the tip of penis

A

glans penis

92
Q

from ectoderm in the tip of penis

A

Navicular fossa

93
Q

4 lobes of prostate gland

A

anterior
middle
posterior
lateral

94
Q

what do physicians palpate when doing rectal exam (will feel hard if enlarged)

A

posterior lobe of prostate gland

95
Q

what zone of prostate gland surrounds prostatic urethra (b/t anterior and middle lobe)

A

transitional zone

96
Q

what separates median and posterior lobes of prostate gland

A

ejaculatory duct

97
Q

BPH is seen where (which zone of prostate gland)

A

transitional zone

98
Q

enlarged median lobe that can cause urine to collect and not empty fully and frequent trips to the bathroom

A

uvula

99
Q

main zone of prostate gland where prostate cancer is seen

A

peripheral zone (b/t anterior and posterior lobes)

100
Q

most common in men and happens when they are riding a bike

A

membranous urethra tear

101
Q

less common in females but due to pelvic fracture

A

membranous urethra tear

102
Q

space behind pubic bone and in front of bladder

A

space of retzius

103
Q

this space contains extraperitonal fat and fascia

A

space of retzius

104
Q

where will urine spill in a membranous urethral tear just above superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm

A

into space of retzius

105
Q

deep fascia in abdomen

A

Buck’s fascia

106
Q

superficial fascia in abdomen

A

camper’s, scarpa’s

107
Q

where will urine spill in membranous urethral tear below inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm

A

into space b/t deep and superficial fascia of anterior abdominal wall up to umbilicus

108
Q

penetrating wound of bladder above pubic bone where will urine spill

A

into peritoneal cavity

109
Q

penetrating wound of bladder via crushed pelvis where will urine spill

A

into space of retzius

110
Q

senses NaCl levels in the body and responds by activating RAAS

A

macula densa

111
Q

removes debris from the body and located around JG apparatus

A

mesangial cells

URN Biweekly 1 (21 decks)

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