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URN Biweekly 1 > Endocrine functions of the Kidney ILA > Flashcards

Endocrine functions of the Kidney ILA Flashcards

1
Q

4 main hormones the kidney produces

A

erythropoietin
renin
active vitamin D
Prostaglandins

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2
Q

6 hormones the kidney responds to

A

Aldosterone
ANP
ADH
PTH
Vitamin D
FGF-23

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3
Q

stimulus for kidney to make erythropoietin (EPO)

A

low oxygen levels

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4
Q

what does an increase in erythropoietin (EPO) cause

A

increase in plasma RBC’s

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5
Q

may result from renal cell carcinoma depending on whether EPO is secreted by tumor or not

A

EPO excess or deficiency

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6
Q

results from chronic kidney disease (EPO)

A

EPO deficiency

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7
Q

EPO deficiency leads to

A

anemia

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8
Q

what produces renin

A

JG cells

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9
Q

what stimulates JG cells to produce renin (3 things)

A
  1. decreased perfusion pressure sensed by baroreceptors (afferent arteriole)
  2. increased SNS stimulation(B1)
  3. decreased Na levels (sensed by macula densa cells)
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10
Q

converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I

A

renin

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11
Q

what converts Ang I to Ang II

A

ACE (from lungs and kidneys)

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12
Q

1alpha-hydroxylase

A

origin of active vitamin D in kidney

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13
Q

what stimulates kidney to make vitamin D

A

PTH (responding to low plasma Ca2+)
low plasma phosphate

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14
Q

what increases Ca2+ and phosphate absorption from the gut and kidney

A

vitamin D

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15
Q

low levels of active vitamin D result from (2 things)

A

renal insufficiency
hypoparathyroidism

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16
Q

hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets causes what

A

excess of active vitamin D

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17
Q

dilate afferent arterioles to increase RBF and GFR

A

prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2)

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18
Q

blocks prostaglandins and causes afferent arteriole vasoconstriction

A

NSAIDs

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19
Q

4 main functions of RAAS

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. tubular reabsorption of Na+ and H2O
  3. aldosterone secretion
  4. ADH secretion
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20
Q

Ang II binds and activates what receptors

A

AT1R (Gq)

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21
Q

constricts vascular smooth muscles in periphery and kidney (decreases GFR)

A

Ang II

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22
Q

increases aldosterone secretion and ADH secretion

A

Ang II

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23
Q

activates receptors in the brain to increase thirst

A

Ang II

24
Q

made in zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone

25
Q

Ang II and increased plasma K+ stimulate this production

A

Aldosterone

26
Q

____ exerts its actions through mineralcorticoid receptors in the DCT principal cells

A

aldosterone

27
Q

increases synthesis and membrane expression of ENaC (Na+) and ROMK (K+) channels at luminal membrane

A

aldosterone

28
Q

increases synthesis and membrane expression of Na+/K+ ATPase at basolateral membrane

A

Aldosterone

29
Q

promotes Na+ retention and K+ elimination by the kidney

A

aldosterone

30
Q

excess aldosterone causes what

A

HTN, hypokalemia, alkalosis

31
Q

____ regulates H+ secretion by kidney and can cause alkalosis

A

aldosterone

32
Q

how does the mineralcorticoid receptor ever see aldosterone w/ excess cortisol?

A

DCT express HSD2 that inactivates cortisol to cortisone

33
Q

what can cause cortisol level elevation and overwhelming of HSD2 receptors

A

Cushing’s disease

34
Q

what stimulates ANP

A

stretch of atria (volume overload)

35
Q

causes vasodilation of renal afferent arterioles and vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles

A

ANP

36
Q

net effect of this is to increase GFR

A

ANP

37
Q

mediates escape from effects of aldosterone during excess aldosterone

A

ANP

38
Q

promotes natriuresis (loss of Na+)

A

ANP

39
Q

made in magnocellular neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

A

ADH (vasopressin)

40
Q

secreted from posterior pituitary

A

ADH

41
Q

what stimulates ADH to be released from posterior pituitary

A

increase in plasma osmolality
hypovolemia (decrease in blood volume)
Ang II

42
Q

receptor ADH activates

A

V2 (Gs); cAMP/PKA

43
Q

these are inserted in luminal membrane of collecting duct and allow for water reabsorption

A

aquaporin 2 channels

44
Q

what stimulates PTH release

A

low levels of Ca2+ in circulation
high phosphate levels

45
Q

PTH action on DCT

A

Ca2+ reabsorption

46
Q

PTH action on PCT

A

phosphate excretion

47
Q

excess PTH leads to

A

hypercalcemia; hypophosphatemia

48
Q

deficiency of PTH leads to

A

hypocalcemia; hyperphosphatemia

49
Q

leads to increased active vitamin D and bone resorption

A

PTH

50
Q

made in bone osteocytes

A

FGF-23

51
Q

high levels of phosphate and elevated active vitamin D stimulate this production

A

FGF-23

52
Q

at PCT, FGF-23 does what to phosphate

A

increases phosphate excretion

53
Q

reduces vitamin D activation

A

FGF-23

54
Q

excess FGF-23 leads to

A

hypophosphatemia

55
Q

deficiency of FGF-23 leads to

A

hyperphosphatemia

URN Biweekly 1 (21 decks)

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