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URN Biweekly 1 > Mineral Regulation- Weber > Flashcards

Mineral Regulation- Weber Flashcards

1
Q

what body fluid compartment is K+ high in

A

ICF

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2
Q

____helps maintain transmembrane potential

A

K+

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3
Q

_____ acts as a buffer and prevents large increases in K+ when the intake is large

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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4
Q

primary controller of ECF volume

A

Na+

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5
Q

increase in K+ in ECF space

A

hyperkalemia

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6
Q

decrease in K+ in ECF space

A

hypokalemia

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7
Q

what is the main mechanism that moves K+ into the cell

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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8
Q

high level of H+ (into cell) exchanging for K+ (out of cell)

A

inorganic acidosis

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9
Q

in cases of hypokalemia, what transporter flips to bring K+ out

A

H+/K+ cotransporter

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10
Q

what does cell lysis cause

A

hyperkalemia

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11
Q

during strenuous exercise, cell ATP depletion so what happens

A

increased K+ outside cell (hyperkalemia)

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12
Q

what 2 things to use clinically to treat hyperkalemia

A
  1. B2 agonists (stimulates ATPase)
  2. insulin (stimulates ATPase)
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13
Q

ECF hyperosmolarity causes what

A

hyperkalemia (K+ flows out of cell with water)

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14
Q

ECF hyposmolarity causes what

A

hypokalemia (K+ stays in cell)

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15
Q

where 60-70% of K+ reabsorption happens

A

PCT

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16
Q

where 20% of K+ reabsorption happens

A

thick ascending limb

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17
Q

in a low K+ diet, when it reaches late distal tubule what can happen

A

alpha intercalated cells reabsorb K+

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18
Q

in a normal or high K+ diet, what happens at late distal tubule

A

principal cells cause K+ secretion

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19
Q

fine tuning of K+ concentration here

A

collecting duct

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20
Q

would I see K+ in my urine from my diet

A

not really due to variable secretion in late distal tubule

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21
Q

when there is increased K+ in the serum what happens

A

hypothalamus releases aldosterone; K+ excretion

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22
Q

range of K+ excretion

A

1-110%

23
Q

alpha intercalated cells K+ transporters

A

blood end: Na+/K+ ATPase
lumen end: H+/K+ cotransporter
and leak K+ channel

24
Q

what happens to K+ at alpha intercalated cells of late distal tubule and collecting duct

A

reabsorption

25
Q

K+ transporters of principal cells

A

blood end: Na+/K+ ATPase
lumen end: ROMK (aldo stimulation)

26
Q

what happens at principal cells of late distal tubule and collecting duct

A

K+ secretion depending on Na+ absorption

27
Q

3 main factors contributing to K+ secretion

A

high K+ intake
aldosterone
tubular flow rate

28
Q

during K+ secretion, what side of cell has greatest concentration of K+; why?

A

lumen>serum; increased luminal fluid flow

29
Q

what is the result of alkalosis when H+ is lost to buffering (what happens to K+)

A

K+ uptake increases along with secretion
result: hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis

30
Q

3 main organs dealing w/ Ca2+ homeostasis

A

gut
bone
kidney

31
Q

regulates Ca2+ absorption from diet

A

gut

32
Q

major depository of Ca2+ w/ buffering capacity

A

bone

33
Q

final arbiter of Ca2+ by excretion or conservation

A

kidney

34
Q

3 forms of circulating Ca2+

A
  1. ion bound
  2. protein bound
  3. free or ionized
35
Q

active form of circulating Ca2+ that is the regulated component

A

free or ionized form

36
Q

regulators of Ca2+

A

PTH
active vitamin D

37
Q

when there is low levels of Ca2+, what happens

A

PTH and active vitamin D activate

38
Q

what 3 responses happen to low Ca2+

A

increase in Ca2+ absorption in intestine and kidneys
increase in Ca2+ release from bones

39
Q

where the free Ca2+ is filtered (60%)

A

glomerulus

40
Q

Ca2+ absorbed here in parallel to Na+

A

PCT

41
Q

Ca2+ coupled to Na+ absorption and passively moves to blood here

A

thick ascending limb

42
Q

Ca2+ absorption regulated by PTH here

A

DCT

43
Q

thiazides target this area and lead to Ca2+ reabsorption and decrease NaCl absorption

A

DCT

44
Q

cAMP dependent effect on active transport bringing Ca2+ into interstitium

A

PTH

45
Q

constituent of bone and urinary buffer for H+ excretion

A

phosphate

46
Q

PTH’s effect on PCT

A

blocks Na+/phosphate cotransporter (brings both into cell) and causes their excretion

47
Q

maintaining ___ homeostasis is essential in chronic kidney disease

A

phosphate

48
Q

70% reabsorption of phosphate happens here

A

PCT

49
Q

stored in bone
circulating form is protein bound
cofactor for Na+/K+ ATPase (____ dependent)

A

Magnesium

50
Q

20-25% reabsorption of Mg here

A

PCT

51
Q

60% reabsorption of Mg here; coupled to Na+

A

thick ascending limb

52
Q

90% of uric acid reabsorbed where

A

PCT

53
Q

failure to clear uric acid

A

gout

54
Q

managing ______ is important in preventing stones

A

uric acid

URN Biweekly 1 (21 decks)

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