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URN Biweekly 1 > Ultrastructure of vessels and glomerulus- Sayner > Flashcards

Ultrastructure of vessels and glomerulus- Sayner Flashcards

1
Q

glomerulus + surrounding bowman’s capsule

A

renal corpuscle

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2
Q

how much urine does the kidney produce a day

A

1.5 L

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3
Q

urinary system functions (A wet bed)

A

“A wet bed”
Acid-base balance
water balance
electrolyte balance
toxic waste excretion
bp
erythropoietin and vitamin D production

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4
Q

region where major vessels enter and exit the kidney

A

Hilum

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5
Q

1 renal pyramid and surrounding columns make up what

A

renal lobe

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6
Q

average number of renal lobes 1 kidney has

A

8-12

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7
Q

2 things that make up uriniferous tubule

A

nephron
collecting tubules/ducts

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8
Q

what makes up nephron

A

renal corpuscle
PCT
loop of henle
DCT
connecting tubule

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9
Q

the renal corpuscle is found only where

A

the cortex

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10
Q

nephron where the loop of henle dives deep into medulla

A

juxtamedullary nephron

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11
Q

nephron where loop of henle doesn’t dive down as deep into medulla

A

cortical nephron

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12
Q

benefit of having deep loop of henle in the medulla

A

can concentrate the urine better (osmotic gradient is in medulla)

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13
Q

what percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive

A

25%

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14
Q

top left a.
bottom a.

A

top left: interlobular a.
bottom: arcuate a.

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15
Q

blood flow through kidney (8 arteries)

A

renal a
segmental a
interlobular a
arcuate a
interlobular a
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
back out same way through veins

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16
Q

1st capillary bed of kidney

A

glomerulus

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17
Q

where is the ultrafiltrate originally produced

A

glomerulus

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18
Q

2nd capillary beds (from efferent arteriole)

A
  1. peritubular capillaries
  2. vasa recta
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19
Q

2nd capillary bed of kidney that is located in cortex and surrounds PCT and DCT

A

peritubular capillaries

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20
Q

2nd capillary bed of kidney that is in medulla and surrounds loop of henle

A

vasa recta

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21
Q
A

renal lobe (cortex on outside and medulla on inside)

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22
Q

artery b/t medulla and cortex

A

arcuate a.

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23
Q

vertical projections off of arcuate a.

A

interlobular a.

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24
Q

between adjacent interlobular arteries

A

renal lobule

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25
Q

loop of henle, connecting and collecting tubules and ducts radiate into and out of medulla

A

medullary ray

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26
Q

where are medullary rays located

A

CORTEX

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27
Q

interlobular arteries, afferent and efferent arterioles; renal corpuscles; convoluted tubules; peritubular capillaries make up what

A

cortical labyrinths

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28
Q

top arrow
bottom arrow

A

top: medullary rays
bottom: cortical labyrinth

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29
Q

medullary rays and cortical labyrinths found where

A

cortex

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30
Q

loop of henle, collecting ducts—duct of bellini as you get deeper(large duct), papilla, vasa recta

A

renal medulla

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31
Q

does the medulla contain lymphatics

A

no

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32
Q

what gradient is found in medulla

A

osmotic gradient (concentrates urine)

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33
Q

CT and ECM that surround uriniferous tubules and vasculature of kidney

A

renal interstitium

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34
Q

made up of mostly basement membrane (w/ fibroblast like cells and macrophages)

A

cortex

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35
Q

closer to papilla and has myofibroblast like cells

A

medulla

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36
Q

the 2 layers of fibrous capsule that surrounds kidney; what do they contain

A

outer and inner and contain fibroblasts and collagen

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37
Q

Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus

A

renal corpuscle

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38
Q

epithelium around glomerular capillaries is modified into what

A

podocytes

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39
Q

bowman’s/glomerular capsule contains what 2 epithelium

A

parietal (capsular)
visceral (podocytes)

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40
Q

in the glomerulus, capillary tufts enter and exit through what

A

vascular pole

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41
Q

what produces ultrafiltrate

A

renal corpuscle

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42
Q

pole in b/t parietal epithelium of bowmans capsule and cuboidal cells of PCT

A

tubular pole

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43
Q
A

vascular pole

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44
Q
A

vascular pole

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45
Q

diseases that affect the structure and function of the renal glomerular apparatus

A

glomerulonephropathies

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46
Q

inflammation leads to damage of glomerular basement membrane (ex. goodpastures); hematuria

A

nephritic syndrome

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47
Q

3 layers of renal corpuscle (filtration barrier)

A
  1. fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
  2. glomerulus basement membrane
  3. visceral epithelium of Bowman’s capsule (podocyte)
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48
Q

filtration slits that are b/t _____ of podocytes

A

pedicels

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49
Q

where does filtrate go when in renal corpuscle

A

through pedicels of podocytes into endothelial fenestrae

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50
Q

actin, Neph and FAT proteins make up what of podocytes

A

filtration slits

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51
Q

what helps deflect proteins from getting into ultrafiltrate and keeping in blood

A

glycoproteins negative charge barrier on endothelium (proteins have - charge so they are deflected not attracted)

52
Q

damage to podocytes, impaired charge barrier; proteinuria

A

nephrotic syndrome

53
Q

most common cause of nephrOtic syndrome in the US

A

diabetes type I and II

54
Q

2 stains you can see glomerular basement membrane in histologic slide

A

PAS or trichrome

55
Q

main player keeping proteins out of ultrafiltrate

A

negative charge of glomerular basement membrane

56
Q

what acts as a size exclusion filter in renal corpuscle

A

collagen IV meshwork

57
Q

3 layers of GBM:

A
  1. lamina rara externa
  2. lamina densa
  3. lamina rara interna
58
Q

layer of GBM adjacent to podocyte (glycosaminoglycans)

A

lamina rara externa

59
Q

layer of GBM b/t lamina rarae (meshwork of collagen IV)

A

lamina densa

60
Q

layer of GBM adjacent to endothelium (glycosaminoglycans)

A

lamina rara interna

61
Q

type of collagen that forms basement membrane (6 different alpha chains)

A

collagen IV

62
Q

alpha chain of collagen IV NC1 domain where

A

C terminus

63
Q

alpha chain of collagen IV 7s domain where

A

N terminus

64
Q

alpha chains of collagen IV that make up kidney basement membrane (glomerular basement membrane)

A

a3,4,5

65
Q

alternating sheets of collagen IV and laminin interconnected by multiadhesive proteins form what

A

basement membrane

66
Q

embryonic form of collagen IV in kidney and other places made of what alpha chains

A

2 a1 and 1 a2 chains

67
Q

what usually happens post birth to alpha chains of collagen IV

A

switches from embryonic form to a3,4,5

68
Q

genetic disorder that happens early due to mutation in a3,4,5 chain in type IV collagen so embryonic form is retained

A

Alport syndrome

69
Q

this genetic syndrome affects the kidneys, eyes, ears NOT lungs

A

Alport syndrome

70
Q

this autoimmune disease affects older populations and has autoantibodies against NC1 domain of collagen IV a3 of basement membrane

A

goodpasture syndrome

71
Q

what is this indicative of

A

goodpasture’s syndrome

72
Q

affects lungs and kidneys (dyspnea and hemoptysis; glomerulonephritis–hematuria and proteinuria)

A

goodpasture’s syndrome

73
Q

surrounds capillaries inside and in direct contact w/ the circulation

A

mesangial cells and ECM

74
Q

mesangial cells that are outside capillary bed

A

lacis cells

75
Q

functions include phagocytosis, structural support, response to injury, blood flow

A

mesangium (of renal corpuscle)

76
Q

3 main parts of JG apparatus

A

macula densa
extraglomerular mesangial cells
JG cells

77
Q

has reversed cell polarity and involves thick ascending loop of henle and DCT

A

macula densa

78
Q

specialized smooth muscle cell of afferent arteriole; secretory granules (release renin)

A

JG cells

79
Q

what stain

A

PAS stain

80
Q

what continues to be refined as it goes to connecting and collecting tubule/duct

A

ultrafiltrate

81
Q

what comes back to renal corpuscle it originated from (macula densa here)

A

renal tubule

82
Q

60% of ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed where

A

PCT

83
Q

direction from lumen back into capillaries

A

reabsorption

84
Q
A

PCT

85
Q

PCT has many of these and they are large; used to increase surface area for selective reabsorption and has digestive enzymes

A

microvilli

86
Q

energy is required for reabsorption process at PCT so it contains lots of what

A

mitochondria

87
Q

what membrane channels use ATP to aid in reabsorption at PCT

A

Na+/K+ ATPase and aquaporins

88
Q

what allows for selective reabsorption at PCT and prevents flow of molecules b/t cells

A

tight junctions

89
Q

how are particles brought into PCT and then into lysosomes for digestion

A

vesicles

90
Q

what vascular structure is next to PCT for process of reabsorption

A

peritubular capillary

91
Q

where is PCT located

A

cortical labyrinth

92
Q

PCT gives rise to what

A

loop of henle

93
Q

what limb of loop of henle goes from medullar rays (cortex) to medulla

A

thick descending limb

94
Q

this limb of loop of henle has cells that go from cuboidal to squamous

A

thick to thin descending limb

95
Q

epithelium found on the thin segments of loop of henle

A

squamous

96
Q

what is hard to distinguish from vasa recta

A

thin segment of loop of henle (both squamous epithelium)

97
Q

this segment of loop of henle has cuboidal epithelium and returns to renal corpuscle it originated from (terminates at macula densa)

A

thick ascending limb

98
Q
A

CD: collecting duct
A: thick ascending limb of loop of henle
C: vasa recta
T: thin loop of henle
I: interstitium

99
Q

what is found when thick segment of loop of henle returns to renal corpuscle

A

macula densa

100
Q

what is responsible for sensing Na+ concentration in lumen of tubule

A

macula densa of JG apparatus

101
Q

smooth cells of JG apparatus that contract and dilate to regulate blood flow of afferent arteriole

A

JG cells

102
Q

cells responsible for secreting renin

A

JG cells

103
Q

JG
MD

A

JG cells
macula densa

104
Q

has similar features of PCT but doesnt do as much reabsorption and has less microvilli

A

DCT

105
Q
A

DCT

106
Q

what causes poorly defined cell-cell borders of DCT

A

lateral digitations

107
Q

cells are not quite as tall as PCT and lumens are not quite as filled (more empty)

A

DCT

108
Q
A

open lumens= DCT
closed lumens= PCT
renal corpuscles big circles

109
Q

once you leave renal corpuscle for the 2nd time to DCT then where do you go

A

collecting system in cortex

110
Q

picture of what? long white strips?

A

cortex
(long white strips connecting and collecting tubules of medullary rays)

111
Q

links DCT into collecting tubules and ducts

A

connecting tubule/collecting tubule

112
Q

what part of the renal tubule helps with acid-base balance

A

intercalated cells of connecting tubule/collecting tubule

113
Q

secrete H+ and resorb K+

A

A-intercalated cells of connecting tubule/collecting tubule

114
Q

dark star areas

A

intercalated cells

115
Q

secrete HCO3-

A

B-intercalated cells of connecting tubule

116
Q

light star areas

A

principal cells

117
Q

these cells have monocilium, ADH regulated aquaporins and aldosterone receptors

A

principal cells of collecting tubule

118
Q

collecting ducts get bigger as they move down medulla and are called what

A

ducts of bellini

119
Q

papillary collecting duct=

A

ducts of bellini

120
Q

after urine goes down ducts of bellini and papilla, where to next

A

minor calyx then major calyx then renal pelvis then ureter

121
Q

area at tip of papilla that will deliver urine into minor calyx

A

area cribosa

122
Q
A

urothelium

123
Q

lines minor calyx

A

urothelium

124
Q

what is urothelium made of

A

transitional epithelium

125
Q

3 layers of minor calyx urothelium

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis
  3. adventitia
126
Q

has more defined cell cell borders than PCT and DCT

A

collecting system (tubules and ducts)

URN Biweekly 1 (21 decks)

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