Ultrastructure of vessels and glomerulus- Sayner Flashcards
1
Q
glomerulus + surrounding bowman’s capsule
A
renal corpuscle
2
Q
how much urine does the kidney produce a day
A
1.5 L
3
Q
urinary system functions (A wet bed)
A
“A wet bed”
Acid-base balance
water balance
electrolyte balance
toxic waste excretion
bp
erythropoietin and vitamin D production
4
Q
region where major vessels enter and exit the kidney
A
Hilum
5
Q
1 renal pyramid and surrounding columns make up what
A
renal lobe
6
Q
average number of renal lobes 1 kidney has
A
8-12
7
Q
2 things that make up uriniferous tubule
A
nephron
collecting tubules/ducts
8
Q
what makes up nephron
A
renal corpuscle
PCT
loop of henle
DCT
connecting tubule
9
Q
the renal corpuscle is found only where
A
the cortex
10
Q
nephron where the loop of henle dives deep into medulla
A
juxtamedullary nephron
11
Q
nephron where loop of henle doesn’t dive down as deep into medulla
A
cortical nephron
12
Q
benefit of having deep loop of henle in the medulla
A
can concentrate the urine better (osmotic gradient is in medulla)
13
Q
what percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive
A
25%
14
Q
top left a.
bottom a.
A
top left: interlobular a.
bottom: arcuate a.
15
Q
blood flow through kidney (8 arteries)
A
renal a
segmental a
interlobular a
arcuate a
interlobular a
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
back out same way through veins
16
Q
1st capillary bed of kidney
A
glomerulus
17
Q
where is the ultrafiltrate originally produced
A
glomerulus
18
Q
2nd capillary beds (from efferent arteriole)
A
- peritubular capillaries
- vasa recta
19
Q
2nd capillary bed of kidney that is located in cortex and surrounds PCT and DCT
A
peritubular capillaries
20
Q
2nd capillary bed of kidney that is in medulla and surrounds loop of henle
A
vasa recta
21
Q
A
renal lobe (cortex on outside and medulla on inside)
22
Q
artery b/t medulla and cortex
A
arcuate a.
23
Q
vertical projections off of arcuate a.
A
interlobular a.
24
Q
between adjacent interlobular arteries
A
renal lobule
25
loop of henle, connecting and collecting tubules and ducts radiate into and out of medulla
medullary ray
26
where are medullary rays located
CORTEX
27
interlobular arteries, afferent and efferent arterioles; renal corpuscles; convoluted tubules; peritubular capillaries make up what
cortical labyrinths
28
top arrow
bottom arrow
top: medullary rays
bottom: cortical labyrinth
29
medullary rays and cortical labyrinths found where
cortex
30
loop of henle, collecting ducts---duct of bellini as you get deeper(large duct), papilla, vasa recta
renal medulla
31
does the medulla contain lymphatics
no
32
what gradient is found in medulla
osmotic gradient (concentrates urine)
33
CT and ECM that surround uriniferous tubules and vasculature of kidney
renal interstitium
34
made up of mostly basement membrane (w/ fibroblast like cells and macrophages)
cortex
35
closer to papilla and has myofibroblast like cells
medulla
36
the 2 layers of fibrous capsule that surrounds kidney; what do they contain
outer and inner and contain fibroblasts and collagen
37
Bowman's capsule + glomerulus
renal corpuscle
38
epithelium around glomerular capillaries is modified into what
podocytes
39
bowman's/glomerular capsule contains what 2 epithelium
parietal (capsular)
visceral (podocytes)
40
in the glomerulus, capillary tufts enter and exit through what
vascular pole
41
what produces ultrafiltrate
renal corpuscle
42
pole in b/t parietal epithelium of bowmans capsule and cuboidal cells of PCT
tubular pole
43
vascular pole
44
vascular pole
45
diseases that affect the structure and function of the renal glomerular apparatus
glomerulonephropathies
46
inflammation leads to damage of glomerular basement membrane (ex. goodpastures); hematuria
nephritic syndrome
47
3 layers of renal corpuscle (filtration barrier)
1. fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
2. glomerulus basement membrane
3. visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule (podocyte)
48
filtration slits that are b/t _____ of podocytes
pedicels
49
where does filtrate go when in renal corpuscle
through pedicels of podocytes into endothelial fenestrae
50
actin, Neph and FAT proteins make up what of podocytes
filtration slits
51
what helps deflect proteins from getting into ultrafiltrate and keeping in blood
glycoproteins negative charge barrier on endothelium (proteins have - charge so they are deflected not attracted)
52
damage to podocytes, impaired charge barrier; proteinuria
nephrotic syndrome
53
most common cause of nephrOtic syndrome in the US
diabetes type I and II
54
2 stains you can see glomerular basement membrane in histologic slide
PAS or trichrome
55
main player keeping proteins out of ultrafiltrate
negative charge of glomerular basement membrane
56
what acts as a size exclusion filter in renal corpuscle
collagen IV meshwork
57
3 layers of GBM:
1. lamina rara externa
2. lamina densa
3. lamina rara interna
58
layer of GBM adjacent to podocyte (glycosaminoglycans)
lamina rara externa
59
layer of GBM b/t lamina rarae (meshwork of collagen IV)
lamina densa
60
layer of GBM adjacent to endothelium (glycosaminoglycans)
lamina rara interna
61
type of collagen that forms basement membrane (6 different alpha chains)
collagen IV
62
alpha chain of collagen IV NC1 domain where
C terminus
63
alpha chain of collagen IV 7s domain where
N terminus
64
alpha chains of collagen IV that make up kidney basement membrane (glomerular basement membrane)
a3,4,5
65
alternating sheets of collagen IV and laminin interconnected by multiadhesive proteins form what
basement membrane
66
embryonic form of collagen IV in kidney and other places made of what alpha chains
2 a1 and 1 a2 chains
67
what usually happens post birth to alpha chains of collagen IV
switches from embryonic form to a3,4,5
68
genetic disorder that happens early due to mutation in a3,4,5 chain in type IV collagen so embryonic form is retained
Alport syndrome
69
this genetic syndrome affects the kidneys, eyes, ears NOT lungs
Alport syndrome
70
this autoimmune disease affects older populations and has autoantibodies against NC1 domain of collagen IV a3 of basement membrane
goodpasture syndrome
71
what is this indicative of
goodpasture's syndrome
72
affects lungs and kidneys (dyspnea and hemoptysis; glomerulonephritis--hematuria and proteinuria)
goodpasture's syndrome
73
surrounds capillaries inside and in direct contact w/ the circulation
mesangial cells and ECM
74
mesangial cells that are outside capillary bed
lacis cells
75
functions include phagocytosis, structural support, response to injury, blood flow
mesangium (of renal corpuscle)
76
3 main parts of JG apparatus
macula densa
extraglomerular mesangial cells
JG cells
77
has reversed cell polarity and involves thick ascending loop of henle and DCT
macula densa
78
specialized smooth muscle cell of afferent arteriole; secretory granules (release renin)
JG cells
79
what stain
PAS stain
80
what continues to be refined as it goes to connecting and collecting tubule/duct
ultrafiltrate
81
what comes back to renal corpuscle it originated from (macula densa here)
renal tubule
82
60% of ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed where
PCT
83
direction from lumen back into capillaries
reabsorption
84
PCT
85
PCT has many of these and they are large; used to increase surface area for selective reabsorption and has digestive enzymes
microvilli
86
energy is required for reabsorption process at PCT so it contains lots of what
mitochondria
87
what membrane channels use ATP to aid in reabsorption at PCT
Na+/K+ ATPase and aquaporins
88
what allows for selective reabsorption at PCT and prevents flow of molecules b/t cells
tight junctions
89
how are particles brought into PCT and then into lysosomes for digestion
vesicles
90
what vascular structure is next to PCT for process of reabsorption
peritubular capillary
91
where is PCT located
cortical labyrinth
92
PCT gives rise to what
loop of henle
93
what limb of loop of henle goes from medullar rays (cortex) to medulla
thick descending limb
94
this limb of loop of henle has cells that go from cuboidal to squamous
thick to thin descending limb
95
epithelium found on the thin segments of loop of henle
squamous
96
what is hard to distinguish from vasa recta
thin segment of loop of henle (both squamous epithelium)
97
this segment of loop of henle has cuboidal epithelium and returns to renal corpuscle it originated from (terminates at macula densa)
thick ascending limb
98
CD: collecting duct
A: thick ascending limb of loop of henle
C: vasa recta
T: thin loop of henle
I: interstitium
99
what is found when thick segment of loop of henle returns to renal corpuscle
macula densa
100
what is responsible for sensing Na+ concentration in lumen of tubule
macula densa of JG apparatus
101
smooth cells of JG apparatus that contract and dilate to regulate blood flow of afferent arteriole
JG cells
102
cells responsible for secreting renin
JG cells
103
JG
MD
JG cells
macula densa
104
has similar features of PCT but doesnt do as much reabsorption and has less microvilli
DCT
105
DCT
106
what causes poorly defined cell-cell borders of DCT
lateral digitations
107
cells are not quite as tall as PCT and lumens are not quite as filled (more empty)
DCT
108
open lumens= DCT
closed lumens= PCT
renal corpuscles big circles
109
once you leave renal corpuscle for the 2nd time to DCT then where do you go
collecting system in cortex
110
picture of what? long white strips?
cortex
(long white strips connecting and collecting tubules of medullary rays)
111
links DCT into collecting tubules and ducts
connecting tubule/collecting tubule
112
what part of the renal tubule helps with acid-base balance
intercalated cells of connecting tubule/collecting tubule
113
secrete H+ and resorb K+
A-intercalated cells of connecting tubule/collecting tubule
114
dark star areas
intercalated cells
115
secrete HCO3-
B-intercalated cells of connecting tubule
116
light star areas
principal cells
117
these cells have monocilium, ADH regulated aquaporins and aldosterone receptors
principal cells of collecting tubule
118
collecting ducts get bigger as they move down medulla and are called what
ducts of bellini
119
papillary collecting duct=
ducts of bellini
120
after urine goes down ducts of bellini and papilla, where to next
minor calyx then major calyx then renal pelvis then ureter
121
area at tip of papilla that will deliver urine into minor calyx
area cribosa
122
urothelium
123
lines minor calyx
urothelium
124
what is urothelium made of
transitional epithelium
125
3 layers of minor calyx urothelium
1. mucosa
2. muscularis
3. adventitia
126
has more defined cell cell borders than PCT and DCT
collecting system (tubules and ducts)
