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URN Biweekly 1 > Intro to Renal Pathology- Herrera > Flashcards

Intro to Renal Pathology- Herrera Flashcards

1
Q

kidney receives ____ of cardiac output

A

25%

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2
Q

functions of kidney

A

A Wet Bed

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3
Q

small kidney that formed abnormally

A

hypoplastic

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4
Q

normal kidney that shrunk

A

atrophic

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5
Q
A

kidney vasculature and glomeruli

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6
Q

space b/t parietal (bowman’s capsule) and visceral epithelial cells (podocytes) of renal corpuscle

A

urinary space

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7
Q

what is a good hallmark you are inside glomerular capillary

A

RBC’s

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8
Q

visceral epithelial made up of what

A

podocytes

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9
Q

direction of filtrate

A

fenestrated endothelia
glomerular basement membrane
filtration slits of podocytes

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10
Q

first structure to react to stimuli and last one to go back to normal; holds capillaries in place

A

mesangial cells

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11
Q

anything on top of capillary wall=

A

subepithelial

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12
Q

below capillary wall=

A

subendothelial

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13
Q

learn picture

A
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14
Q

3 layers of glomerular basement membrane

A
  1. lamina rara interna
  2. lamina densa
  3. lamina rara externa
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15
Q
A

capillaries with RBC’s in them
mesangial cell on left side of pic
urinary space b/t capillaries

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16
Q

collagen ___ makes up GBM

A

IV

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17
Q

___ and ___ proteins participate in filtration slit diaphragms of podocytes

A

NEPH and FAT

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18
Q

greater than 2 mesangial cells seen between capillaries

A

hypercellularity

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19
Q

Contractile cells
Plasticity
Eat up and destroy what gets in
First structure that reacts and the last to come to normal

A

Mesangial cells

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20
Q

3 parts of kidney to look at when diagnosing renal disease

A
  1. glomeruli
  2. tubules/interstitium
  3. vasculature
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21
Q

worse prognosis when disease reaches ____

A

vasculature (and the other 2 areas affected)

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22
Q

______ glomerulopathy – Kidney (glomerulus) only or predominant organ involved

A

primary

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23
Q

_____ glomerulopathy – Glomeruli injured in the course of systemic diseases

A

secondary

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24
Q

presence of immune complexes; w/ or w/out inflammation

A

glomerulonephritis

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25
Q

immune complexes can injure glomeruli by 2 ways:

A

be formed there
circulate and get trapped there

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26
Q

9 specific immunofluorescence slides to look at when doing renal biopsy

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
C3
C1q
kappa
lambda
albumin
fibrinogen

27
Q

if one of the 9 immunofluorescence slides is +, what does that mean

A

renal disease is immune complex regulated

28
Q

classical pathway markers

A

C1q, C3

29
Q

alternate pathway markers

A

C3

30
Q

what to biopsy to look at kidney

A

medulla + CORTEX

31
Q

3 ways glomeruli respond to injury through hypercellularity:

A

mesangial and endothelial cells
leukocytes
crescent formation

32
Q

capillary wall breaks and proliferation of parietal epithelial cells

A

crescent

33
Q

another way glomeruli respond to injury

A

basement membrane thickening/thinning

34
Q

end stage damage to glomerulus; irreversible

A

hyalinosis/sclerosis

35
Q

GFR of ____ may progress to end-stage renal failure

A

30-50%

36
Q

3 mechanisms of progression of renal disease:

A

glomerulosclerosis
proteinuria
tubulointerstitial fibrosis

37
Q
A

top: segmental
bottom: global

38
Q
A

L: focal
R: diffuse

39
Q

uncorrectable bleeding
uncontrolled HTN
uncooperative patient

A

CI for renal biopsy

40
Q

2 indications for open biopsy

A

obesity
single kidney

41
Q

gather 3 pieces during renal biopsy for what 3 tests:

A

light microscopy
immunofluorescence
electron microscopy

42
Q

“cherries” meaning

A

cortex is there

43
Q

stain

A

H&E

44
Q

stain

A

PAS (highlights BM and capillary walls)

45
Q

stain

A

silver (good for GBM)

46
Q

stain

A

trichrome (see fibrosis-bad progression)

47
Q
A

immunofluorescence

48
Q

what do you fix slide with to look under electron microscopy

A

gluteraldehyde

49
Q
A

CL: capillary w/ RBC
MES: mesangial cell

50
Q

stain

A

EM
(see endo, BM, podocytes)

51
Q

dark shadows in subepithelial

A

immune complexes

52
Q

more _____ in urine= more effaced podocytes

A

protein

53
Q
A

immune complex deposits

54
Q

increase in BUN and creatinine mean

A

kidneys malfunctioning (azotemia)

55
Q

increase amount of NH4+ in body such that it affects brain

A

uremia

56
Q

caused by altered permeability of capillary walls

A

proteinuria

57
Q

caused by rupture of capillary walls

A

hematuria

58
Q

caused by impaired filtration of nitrogenous waste products

A

azotemia

59
Q

reduced urine production

A

oliguria and anuria

60
Q

salt and water retention

A

edema

61
Q

caused by fluid retention and disturbed renal homeostasis of blood pressure

A

HTN

62
Q

Massive proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia (low in blood)
Edema
Hyperlipidemia
hypercoagulability

A

nephrotic syndrome

63
Q

Podocytes will become_______(go away) w/ proteinuria

A

effaced

64
Q

Hematuria (RBC casts)
Azotemia
Oliguria
Hypertension
Mild proteinuria

A

Nephritic syndrome

URN Biweekly 1 (21 decks)

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