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Anatomy class > UNIT TWO: The Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

UNIT TWO: The Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the range of mobility of muscles in the abdomen.

A

Allows a large range of mobility both posterior/anteriorly and laterally.

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2
Q

When might the abdominal muscles need to expand?

A

During pregnancy or after eating.

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3
Q

When might the abdominal muscles needs to increase intrabdominal pressure?

A

During birth or excretion.

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4
Q

What attaches the abdominal muscles to the línea alba ?

A

The aponeurosis

Note not the rectus abdominus.

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5
Q

What is the function of the aponeurosis?

A

To attach muscle fibres in the abdominal walls to the línea alba

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6
Q

What are some of the roles of muscles in the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Allow mobility and movement

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7
Q

What are some of the roles of muscles found in the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Involved in hip flexion
Supportive and postural muscles

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8
Q

What muscles form the anterior abdominal wall?

A

The rectus abdominus
The external abdominal oblique
The internal abdominal oblique
The transverse abdominus

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9
Q

Why is the rectus abdominus known as the six pack muscle?

A

Tendonous intersections split each rectus abdominus into three section,
Bilateral structure
So combined left and right have six sections.

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10
Q

What muscles form the posterior abdominal wall?

A

The psoas major
The psoas minor
The illiacus
The iliopsoas
Quadratus Lumborum

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11
Q

What muscles are involved in the lateral aspect of the abdominal wall?

A

The external abdominal oblique
The internal abdominal oblique
The transverse abdominus

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12
Q

What muscles marks the superior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

The diaphragm

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13
Q

What is the relationship in fibre direction between the external and internal abdominal oblique muscles?

A

They are perpendicular to each other

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14
Q

What direction do fibres in the external abdominal oblique muscle run?

A

Inferior and anterior
Towards your front Jean pockets.

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15
Q

What direction do fibres in the internal abdominal oblique muscle run?

A

Inferior and posterior
Towards your bum pockets

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16
Q

What direction do fibres run in the transverse abdominus muscles?

A

Horizontal

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17
Q

What is the línea alba?

A

A fibrous structure
Runs down the midline from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysic
Connected to by the rectus abdominus.

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18
Q

What is interesting about the psoas minor?

A

It is not found in all individuals

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19
Q

What is the relationship between the psoas major and the illiacus?

A

They join together deep to the ilia ligament to form the iliopsoas muscle,
Which is used as the hip flexor muscle

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20
Q

What does the Quadratus lumborum muscle attach to?

A

Inferiorly to the Iliac crest
Superiorly to the 12th rib

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21
Q

What is the main origin point of the nerves supplying the abdominal walls?

A

The verterbral column

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22
Q

Explain how nerves split up from the vertebrae to supply the abdominal wall?

A

Vertebral nerves split into the dorsal rami which supply the posterior wall and skin
Also the ventral rami which supply the abdominal cavity or glutes and thigh.

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23
Q

How are nerves originating from vertebrae named?

A

Originate from the joining point betweeen two vertebrae.
Named by the superior vertebrae

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24
Q

What vertebrae is the root for nerves supplying the Quadratus lumborum ?

A

T12

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25
Q

What vertebrae is the root of nerves for supplying the hip flexor muscles?

A

L2 L3 L4

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26
Q

What is the femoral nerve?

A

Innervates the hip flexors and the thigh muscles
Originates from L2 L3 L4

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27
Q

Which nerves supply the antereolateral abdominal wall?
How do these move to then supply the skin

A

Anterior cutaneous nerves
Travel in an anterior and inferior direction to supply the skin.

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28
Q

What are the two ways the abdomen can be divided?

A

Into four quadrants
Into nine abdominal regions

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29
Q

Explain how the abdomen is split into the abdominal quadrants.

A

Vertical line is drawn from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis
Horizontal line is drawn through the umbilicus, this creates four boxes.

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30
Q

What is found in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?

A

Majority of liver,
Gallbladder
Part of ascending and transverse colon
Dodendrum of the small intestine

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31
Q

What is found in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?

A

The spleen
The majority of the stomach
The transverse colon
Parts of the small intestine

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32
Q

What is found in the lower left abdominal quadrant?

A

The sigmoid colon
Parts of the ileum and the jojunum

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33
Q

What is found in the right lower abdominal quadrant?

A

Parts of rectum,
Parts of ascending colon
Parts of the small intestine and bladder.

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34
Q

What are the top two corners of the large intestine called?

A

The right colic flecture
The left colic flecture or the splenic flecture

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35
Q

Explain how the abdomen is split into nine abdominal regions

A

Draw the midclavicular lines down the abdomen
Draw a horizontal line called the subcostal plane just at the bottom of the costal margin
Draw a horizontal line called the transtubercular plane connecting the hip bones.
Creates nine boxes

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36
Q

What are the nine boxes of the nine abdominal regions called?

A

Right hypochondriac. Epigastric. Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar. Umbilical. Left lumbar
Right inguinal. Pubic/hypo gastric Left inguinal

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37
Q

What is the umbilicus?

A

The belly button

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38
Q

Why is the umbilicus useful in surface anatomy?

A

Identifies the midline

39
Q

Why is the midclavicular line important in abdomen surface anatomy?

A

Marks the lateral border of the rectus abdomenus,
Which are then separated into six by tendenous intersections that may be felt as dints.

40
Q

Why is the pubic symphysis useful in the abdomen surface anatomy?

A

Identifies the midline
Just lateral is the pubic tubércule where the inguinal ligament attaches

41
Q

Identify the superior anterior iliac spine

A

First bump on superior surface of the pubic bone when originating at the pubic symphysis.
Followed by the iliac crest

42
Q

What vertebrae is in level with the sternal notch?

A

T2

43
Q

What vertebrae in level with the sternal angle ?

A

T4

44
Q

What vertebrae is level with the subcostal plane?

A

L3

45
Q

What vertebrae is level with the transtubercule plane?

A

L5

46
Q

What vertebrae is level with the unbilicus?

A

T10

47
Q

Where should anaesthetic be given to work on the upper sections of the abdomen?

A

The transverse abdominal muscle in the subcostal plane

48
Q

Where should anaesthetic be given to numb the lower parts of the abdominal wall?

A

The rectus abdominus plane
The plane between the transverse abdominal muscle and the internal oblique muscle to numb T10 downwards.

49
Q

What is the relationship between the transverse abdominus muscle and the oblique muscles?

A

The transverse abdominus is deep to the oblique muscles

50
Q

Describe the location of the rectus abdominus muscles in the body

A

Lateral to línea alba, inferior to diaphragm

51
Q

Describe the location of the transverse abdominus muscles int the body

A

Lateral to the abdominus rectus

52
Q

Describe the location of the external oblique muscle in the body

A

Taller than internal
From costal margin to the ileum
Lateral to rectus abdominus

53
Q

Describe the location of the internal oblique muscle

A

Deep to the external oblique muscle.
Start more inferiorly, just inferior to the costal margin

54
Q

Describe the location of the psoas major and psoas minor muscle in the body?

A
55
Q

Describe the location of the pubic symphysis in the body

A

Gap between the inferior ends of the left and right pubis bone.

56
Q

Identify the necessary parts of the pubic bones?

A
57
Q

Describe the location of the illiacus muscle in the body

A

Sits on the medial side of the ileum bone

58
Q

Describe the location of the inguinal ligament

A
59
Q

Label the diagram with the different layers found in the abdomen

A
60
Q

What is campers fascia?

A

The fatty layers of fascia found just deep to the skin.
Composed of thick adipose tissue
Continues with the fascia of the thighs
In males is continuous with the penis and scrotum,
In females is continuous with the labia majora.

61
Q

What is scarpas fascia?

A

Found deep to the campers fascia
Is more menbranous rather than fatty.
Thinner
In biological males this is continuous with the dartos muscle of the scrotum.

62
Q

What nerves supply the antereolateral abdominal wall?

A

Supplied by the
Lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves 7-12
The anterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves 7-12
The iliohypogastric and ilio-inguinal nerves from L1

63
Q

Explain how the intercostal muscle become the nerves supplying the abdomen.

A

T7 to T11 intercostal nerves leave the intercostal space and travel deep to the costal cartilages.
Pass between the internal oblique and the transverse abdominus muscle.
Enter the rectus sheath and go posterior to the lateral aspect of the rectus abdominus.
Approaching the midline an anterior cutaneous branch passes through the rectus abdominus and the anterior wall of the rectus sheath to supply the skin to supply the skin.

64
Q

What nerves supply the skin superificial to umbilicus to the xiphoid process?

A

T7 to T9

65
Q

What nerves supply the umbilicus?

A

T10

66
Q

What nerves supply the abdominal region located below the umbilicus?

A

T11 to L1
L1 also sends a small branch to the thigh and scrotum/labia majora.

67
Q

What is the function of the external oblique?

A

Rotates the trunk along with the internal oblique
Compress and supply structural support to neighbouring abdominal structures.

68
Q

What does th external oblique muscle attach to?

A

The anteriosuperior iliac spine
The iliac crest
The 5th to 12th rib
Línea alba

69
Q

What is the function of the internal oblique muscle?

A

Laterally flexes
Rotates the trunk
Compress and provide structural support to the abdomen structures
Aids rotation of the trunk

70
Q

What does the internal oblique muscle attach to?

A

The iliac crest, the inguinal ligament,
Ten to twelfth rib, línea alba, pecten pubis

71
Q

What is the function of the rectus abdominus?

A

Compress the body, aids in blinding forwards

72
Q

What does the rectus abdominus attach to?

A

The fifth to seven rib costal cartilages
Xiphoid process
The pubic crest and symphysis

73
Q

What is the function of the transverse abdominus?

A

Aids rotation and compression of the abdomen.

74
Q

What does the transverse abdominus muscle attach to?

A

The iliac crest and the inguinal ligament.
Línea alba, pubic crest and pecten pubis.

75
Q

What does the pyramidalis muscle do?

A

Tenses the línea alba

76
Q

What does the pyramidalis muscle attach to?

A

Body of pubis and the anterior pubic ligament
Línea alba

77
Q

Why is the inguinal ligament important?

A

Located at the junction between the trunk and the groin
Functionally in males it allows substances to pass in and out of the testes.

78
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

A tendonous sheath of aponeurosis that surrounds the rectus abdominus muscles.
Is made from the tendones of the external and internal obliques and the transverse ahdominus muscle

79
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

A mid point between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis.
Inferior to this line the rectus sheet changes to only be superficial to the rectus abdominus, no longer creates a posterior border around the muscle.
This means the rectus abdominus makes direct contact with the transversalis fascia

80
Q

What is the clinical significant of the arcuate line?

A

Must inject anaesthetic for the rectus abdominus above this line and within the rectus sheeth.
This will stop the anaesthetic from spreading outside of this muscle.
If injected to the rectus abdominus below this line the anaesthetic will be able to spread.

81
Q

Draw a diagram to show the rectus sheeth above and below the arcuate line.

A
82
Q

Where is the neurovascular plane in the abdominal wall?

A

Betweeen the transverse abdominus and the internal oblique muscles

83
Q

What veins supply the abdominal walls?

A

The superificial epigastric
The superior epigastric
The inferior epigastric

84
Q

What lymphatics drain the abdominal wall?

A

Above the umbilicus drains into the axillary lymph nodes
Below the umbilicus drains into the superficial inguinal nodes

85
Q

Label the key blood vessels supplying the abdominal wall (3)

A
86
Q

What type of muscle is aponeurosis associated with?

A

Flat muscle

87
Q

Which dermatome supplies the skin around the umbilicus?

A

T10

88
Q

What does the inguinal ligament attach to and what is it made from?

A

Attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercule.
Is made from the inferior border of the external oblique muscle aponeurosis.

89
Q

What is the main arterial supply to the abdomenal wall and from where do these arteries originate?

A

The superficial epigastric artery - femoral artery
The inferior epigastric artery -the external iliac artery
The superior epigastric artery - the internal thoracic artery.

90
Q

What bundle of lymph nodes does lymph in the anterior abdominal wall from above the umbilicus drain into?

A

The axillary lymph nodes

91
Q

What bundle of lymph nodes does the lymph in the anterior abdominal wall from below the umbilicus drain into?

A

The inguinal lymph nodes

92
Q

How is the inferior epigastric artery used to classify hernias?

A

Medial to the inferior epigastric artery is classified as direct hernias.
Lateral to the inferior epigastric artery are indirect hernias.

93
Q

Why is the linea alba a suitable place for a surgeon to complete an incision down the midline of the abdomen?

A

Surgeon can make an incision down the linea alba if he curves round the umbilicus.
As a fibrous tissue it is not vascular so minimises blood loss.
Avascular also means it is slow to heal, which is a negative.

94
Q

What is the linea semilunaris?

A

A fibrous structure that runs round the lateral border of the rectus abdominus muscle.

Anatomy class (42 decks)

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