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Anatomy class > UNIT 3 Hindgut > Flashcards

UNIT 3 Hindgut Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different sections of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx (connects to nose)
Oropharynx (connects to the oral cavity)
Larynopharynx (divides into the trachea and the oesophagus)

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2
Q

What does rectum mean when translated out of latin>

A

Straight

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3
Q

Is the peritoneum one sheet or multiple different segments?

A

One sheet

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4
Q

What term is used to describe the part of peritoneal membrane that connects the hindgut intraperitoneal organs to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

x mesocolon
Transverse mesocolon etc

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5
Q

After ingestion of food where does mechanical and chemical digestion begin?

A

The oral cavity

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6
Q

What is the function of gastric rugae in the stomach?

A

Allows for expansion of the stomach.

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7
Q

What is the largest blood vessel in the body?

A

The aorta

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8
Q

What are the different section of the Aorta?

A

Ascending Aorta
Arch of Aorta
Descending Aorta (T4 level)
Thoracic Aorta
Abdominal Aorta (T12 level)

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9
Q

What level in the coeliac artery?

A

T12

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10
Q

What level is the superior mesenteric artery?

A

L1

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11
Q

What are the branches from the superior mesenteric artery called?

A

Inferior pancreatic duodenal
Right colic
Middle colic
Ileocolic
Jejunal
Ileal

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12
Q

What level is the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

L3.

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13
Q

How can the anatomy of the midgut and hindgut be related to blood supply?

A

Midgut = superior mesenteric artery
Hindgut = inferior mesenteric artery.

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14
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the midgut?

A

Follow the vagus nerve,
bypasses the coeliac ganglion to follow ganglia around the superior mesenteric artery, follows blood supply and synapses directly with the organs.

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15
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve innervation of the midgut?

A

The lesser (T10 T11) and least splanchnic nerve (T12) synapses at the superior mesenteric ganglion before post synaptic sections follow along into the superior mesenteric plexus then follow along to supply the viscera.

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16
Q

What does the gonadal vein commonly drain into?

A

The inferior vena cava

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17
Q

How is the thoracic splanchnic nerve divided?

A

Greater
Lesser
Least

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18
Q

What does the greater splanchnic nerve do?

A

From T5-T9 ganglia
Synapses with coeliac ganglia to supply the foregut,
other branches also supply the suprarenal gland.
Sympathetic

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19
Q

What does the lesser splanchnic nerve do?

A

From T11 to T10.
Synapses with the superior mesentaric plexus to supply the midgut
Sympathetic

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20
Q

What does the least splanchnic nerve do?

A

T12 level ganglia
Synapses with the superior mesenteric ganglion then into the plexus,
Sympathetic innervation of the midgut

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21
Q

Which splanchnic nerve does not follow the pattern? What is the pattern?

A

All splanchnic nerves provide presynaptic sympathetic fibres.
The pelvic splanchnic nerve carries only parasympathetic fibres.

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22
Q

Define synapse

A

A specialised cell junction between two neurones into which neurotransmitters are released.

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23
Q

Define ganglion.

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies used as a site for synpase.

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24
Q

Define plexus.

A

A bundle of intersecting and interlacing nerves usually originating from different vertebral levels.

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25
Q

Define autonomic.

A

Involuntary processes and internal movement

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26
Q

Define somatic.

A

'’Relating to the body’’
Voluntary movement based on external stimuli

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27
Q

Define sympathetic

A

Branch of ANS controlling the flight or fight response,

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28
Q

Define parasympathetic.

A

Branch of ANS controlling the rest and digest response.

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29
Q

Define splanchnic.

A

‘relating to viscera’
Class of autonomic nerves that do not synapse in a typical way, instead they synapse in prevertebral ganglia.

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30
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

The absorb water and electrolytes.

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31
Q

What is the average length of the colon?

A

150cm in length.

32
Q

What attaches the splenic flexure (right colic flexure) to the diaphragm?

A

The phrenicocolic ligament

33
Q

Give an overview of the structure of the sigmoid colon?

A

Found in the lower left quadrant.
Is s shaped
Extends from the left iliac fossa to over the S3 vertebrae.

34
Q

How does haustra of the large intestine differ from that of the small intestine?

A

Haustra in the large intestine only reaches half way across the colon,
In the small intestine division go around the full diameter of the colon.

35
Q

What happens to the teniae coli at the rectosigmoid junction?

A

Smooth muscle of the teniae coli broadens and flattens out to form a complete layer with the rectum.

36
Q

Where are the bladder, ureter and vagina located in relation to the sigmoid colon?

A

Anteriorly

37
Q

What is the innervation of the hindgut?

A

Lumbar splanchnic from L1 2 3 provides sympathetic through the inferior mesenteric ganglion
Pelvic splanchninc from S2 3 4 provide parasympathetic through the inferior and superior hypo gastric plexus.
All fibres pass through the inferior mesenteric plexus then to the target organ

38
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

Where all lymph below the diaphragm drains into before is enters the thoracic duct.

39
Q

What are the two flexures of the rectum?

A

Sacral flexure - anteroposterior bend, with concavity anteriorly )(.
Anorectal flexure - anterioposteriorly, with convexity anteriorly ()

40
Q

What are the three secondary flexures of the rectum?

A

Has three lateral flexures made from the transverse folds of the internal rectum wall.
Called superior, intermediate and inferior flexure.
Look like shelves in the lumen, help maintain faecal continence

41
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

The final section of the rectum.
Relaxes to stores faeces until defecation occurs,
continuous with the anal canal.

42
Q

Is the rectun intra or retroperitoneal.

A

1/3 is intraperitoneal
2/3 is retroperitoneal
3/3 has no peritoneum

43
Q

What is the rectovesical pouch?

A

A fold of peritoneum found between the rectum and the bladder in biological males

44
Q

What is the rectouterine pouch?

A

A fold of peritoneum found between the rectum and the vagina/cervix in biological females.

45
Q

What provides the arterial supply to the rectum?

A

Superior rectal artery - branch of IMA
Middle rectal artery = branch of the internal iliac artery
Inferior rectal artery = branch of the internal pudendal artery.

46
Q

What provides the venous supply to the rectum?

A

Superior - superior rectal vein drains into portal venous system
The middle and inferior rectal vein drains into the systemic venous system.

47
Q

What innervates the rectum?

A

The sympathetic nerve supply comes from the lumbar splanchnic nerves and the superior + inferior hypogastric plexuses
Parasympathetic nerve supply is from S2-4, pelvic Splanchnic nerve and inferior hypogastric plexus.

48
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the rectum?

A

The pararectal lymph nodes
Inferior rectum may also drain into the internal iliac lymph nodes.

49
Q

What is the role of the anal canal?

A

Defecation and maintaining faecal continence.

50
Q

Where is the anal canal located?

A

In the anal triangle of the perineum
Located between the left and right ischioanal fossae.

51
Q

What are the sphincters of the anal canal like?

A

Has two sphincters
Internal - top 2/3 of canal made of involuntary smooth muscle in the bowel wall
External - bottom 2/3 made of voluntary muscle.

52
Q

What is the anorectal ring?

A

Formed by the fusion of both anal sphincters and the puborectalis muscle at the joining of the anus and the rectum.

53
Q

What is the internal structure of the anal canal like?

A

Simple columnar epithelium folded into anal columns and anal valves (depressions).
Anal valves have small glands called anal sinuses above them. Anal sinuses contain mucus secreting glands.

54
Q

What is the pectinate line?
Why is it important?

A

Imaginary line at the bottom of the anal columns
Above this line the anal canal is derived from the embryological hindgut.
Below this line the anal canal is derived from the ectoderm of proctodeum

55
Q

What is the neurovasculature of the anal canal above the pectinate line?
lymph drainage?

A

Hindgut derives
A - Superior rectal artery anastomosing with the middle rectal artery
V - superior rectal vein anastamosing with the middle rectal vein
N - inferior hypogastric plexus
L - internal illiac lymph nodes.

56
Q

What is the neurovasculature and the lymph drainage of the anal canal inferior to the pectate line?

A

Inferior rectal v/a which link to the internal pudendal a/v, also anastomoses with the middle rectal artery.
Nerves supplied by the inferior rectal nerves
Lymph drains into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

57
Q

What is the intersphincter groove (anocutaneous line)?

A

A part of the anal canal when the starified squamous epithelium changes from non-keratinised to keratinised (becomes true skin)

58
Q

What is meant by anal pectem?

A

The startified squamous non-keratinised epithelium that lines the anal canal.

59
Q

Give an overview of the inferior mesenteric artery and its branches.

A

Supplies the hindgut
Is a retroperiotneal structure
Branches into
Left colic - dc
Sigmoid arteries -sc
Superior rectal arteries - a continuation, divides into two vessels to supply either side of the rectum.

60
Q

What is the marginal artery of the colon?

A

Continous circle of arteries on the inner border of the colon made of anastomoses of the inferior and superior mesenteric artery.

61
Q

What is the Arc of Rolan?
Why is it clinically important?

A

Anastomoses of the middle colic and left colic artery.
Makes the splenic flexure a watershed area, more vulnerable to systemic hypotension but less vulnerable to artery blockages stopping blood flow as two possible routes.

62
Q

What is the pelvic floor?

A

A collection of different muscles found on the inferior end of the pelvis.

63
Q

What is the pubrectalis muscle?

A

Forms a sling around the rectum.
Forms a kink at the anal rectal junction, when contracted it maintains faecal countenance, relaxing this muscle allow defecation.

64
Q

What is the function of the anal sinus?

A

Secretes mucus, aids faces transport

65
Q

What are the three sections of the external anal sphnicter?

A

Deep
Superficial
Subcuntaneous

66
Q

How does the blood supply vary above/below the pectinate line?

A

Superior - supplied by the superior rectal artery from the inferior mesenteric artery
Inferior - supplied by the middle and inferior rectal arteries from the internal illiac arteries.

67
Q

How does nerves vary above and below the pectinate line?

A

Above - nerves cause stretch and pressure, contains visceral motor and sensory innervation
Below - pain, by somatic and sensory innervation

68
Q

Why is the pectinate line important clincally?

A

Where two different artery supply routes meet, likely to have haemorrhoids.
As veins are thin so likely to dilate.

69
Q

What does it mean that the anal canal has a submucosal venous plexus?

A

Collection of veins, all group and anastomose together.
Has two parts:
Internal - deep to mucosa at the anorectal junction
External - outside the muscular wall.

70
Q

What is the mechanism of defaecation?

A

Stretch receptors detect that the anal canal is full.
Causes voluntary relaxation of external anal sphincter and involuntary relaxation of internal anal sphincter.
Smooth muscle in the anal canal contracts (parasympathetic)
If socially convenient the puborectalis relaxes.

71
Q

What happens in the body is defaecation want to occur but the time is not appropriate?

A

External sphincter contract voluntarily.
Compliance mechanisms within the colon adjust to accommodate for increased rectal volume.
Hence stretch receptors are no longer activated and the feeling of urgency decreases.

72
Q

How does sympathetic and parasympathetic inervation link to the internal anal sphincter?

A

Parasympathetic - relaxation
Sympathetic - contraction

73
Q

What pressure is involved in defaecation?

A

Continence can be maintained if anal pressure exceeds rectal pressure.

74
Q

What factors affect continence?

A

mental function
changes in stool consistency and volume
Enhanced colonic transport
Diminished anorectal sensation.

75
Q

Fill in the labels

A
76
Q

Fill in the labels

A

Anatomy class (42 decks)

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