Unit 11: Lower limb Flashcards
What are the two surfaces of the foot?
Dorsum
Plantar (bottom - step on plants)
What does pollicis refer to?
Thumb
What does the term hallucis refer to?
big toe
What is the anatomical term for the litter finger/toe?
Digiti minimi
What does profundus mean in anatomical term?
Deep
What is the difference between hyerpextension and extension of the hip?
Extension - moving to the posterior aspect from anterior to the midline
Hyperextension - moving posteriorly to the midline.
What is the difference between plant flexion and dorsiflexion of the foot?
Plantar flexion - downwards as if stepping on plants
Dorsiflexion - upwards
What is the difference between inversion and eversion of the foot?
Inversion - plantar surface to midline
Eversion - plantar surface to lateral side
What is the fibre direction of the gluteus maximus?
Laterally and inferiorotly from the illiac crest
Then follows down the iliotibial tract.
What ist he role of gluteus maximus?
Extension of the hip
Lateral extension of the hip
What is the function of the gluteus medius and minimus?
Abduction
Maintains stability of hip joint (prevents hip joint - relevant to trendelenburgs sign)
What is the innervation of the gluteal muscles?
Maximus - inferior gluteal nerve
Minimus and medius - superior gluteal nerve.
What are the deep gluteal muscles?
Piriformis muscle
Superior gemellus muscle
Obturator internus muscle
Inferior gemellus muscle
Quadratus femoris muscle.
What is piriformis syndrome?
Compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle
What muscles make up the superficial gluteal compartment?
The gluteus maximus
The gluteus medius
The gluteus minimus
What inervates the gluteus maximus muscle?
The inferior gluteal nerve
What innervates the glutesu medius and gluteus maximus?
The superior gluteal nerve
What is the function of the gluteus medius and the gluteus maxmius?
Abducuts femur
Prevents pelvic drop on the contrlateral side
Medially rotates the thigh
What is the function of gluteus maximus?
Powerful extensor of the femur
Lateral stabiliser
Laterally rotates and abducuts the thigh
What muscles make up the deep gluteal compartment?
Pirirformis
Superior gemellus
Obturator internus
Inferior gemeluus
Quadratus femoris
What innervates the deep gluteal muscles?
Branches the lumbar-sacral plexus
From L5 to S1
What is the function of the deep muscles of the gluteal region?
Laterally rotate and extend the hip
Abducuts flexed femur at the hip joint
What muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Semitendinosus
Semimembranous
Biceps femoris (found laterally)
What innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Sciatic nerve L4 to S3
What is the function of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Flexion of the knee
Extension of the hip
What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
The quadricpes muscles
The vastus medialis/lateralis and intermedialis
The rectus femoris
Illiacus
Psoas major
Sartorius
What innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?
The femoral nerve L2,3,4
What is the function of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Flexion of the hip (some only)
Extension of the knee
What muscles are found in the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductor longus, brevis, magnus
Gracilis, pectineus, obturator externus
What innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?
L2,3,4
What is the function of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adduction of the hip joint
Medial rotates the thigh
What are the additional functions of the medial compartments of the thigh?
Adductor magnus - contributes to posterior compartment, also aids in flexion of the thigh
Obturator externus aids in lateral rotion of the thigh
Gracilis - flexion of the knee.
What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Extensor digitorum longus
Tibilias anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
What are the muscles found in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
What are the muscles found in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocenmius
Plantaris
Soleus
What are the muscles found in teh deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Poplitues muscle
What is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg>
EDL - extend digitis and dorsiflexion of the foot
TA - dorsiflexion and support medial arch, inversion
EHL - extend hallucis and dorsifelxion
FT - dorsiflexion and eversion
What inervates the anterior compartment of the leg?
The deep fibular nerve (L4 to S1)
What is the function of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Eversion of the foot
Fibularis longus also contributes to supporting the medial arch of the foot
What innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve L5-S2
What is the function of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
Plantar flexion foot
What is the innervation of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
The tibila nerve S1-S2
What is the function of the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
TP - inversion, plantar felxion, support medial arch when walking
FH - flex hallucis
FD - flex four lateral toes
P - stabilises and unlocks the knee
What is the innervation to the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve to L4 to S3
What are the main groups of bones in the foot?
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
What are the different tarsal bones found in the foot?
Talus
Calcaneous
Navicular
Cuneiform (medial, intermediate and lateral)
Cuboid bone
What are the metatarsal bones in to fooot divided into section?
A base, shaft and a head.
What are the division of the phalangeas in the foot?
The proximal, middle (not in hallucis) and distal phalangeas of each digit
Draw a diagram to represent the different bones in the foot?
What are the order of strucutres that are passed behind the medial malleolus?
Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry
Tibialis posterior tendon
Extensor digitorum longus tendon
Posterior Tibial artery, vein and nerve
Extensor Halluic Longus tendon
What are the different stages in the gait cycle?
Heal strike
Flat foot
Mid stance ( Only foot on the floor)
Heal off
Toe off.
Mid swing (foot in air)
What are the different phases of the gait cycle?
What are the kinetics of this?
The stance phase
The swing phase
60% in stance phase
40% in swing phase
What is important to remember in terms of the body having two lower limbs?
Two different gait cycles are occurring simultaneously, one with the left lef and one with the right leg.
Whilst one leg is in the stance phase the other is in the swing phase.
What is the arterial supply to the lower limb?
The external iliac passes under the inguinal ligament and becomes the femoral artery
Travels down the thigh in the adductor canal and comes out of the abductor hiatus is now the popliteal artery (gives off genicular branches), passes into the leg and bifurcates into the anterior tibial and posterior tibial artery (the lateral compartment of the leg is supplied by the anterior tibial artery)
What are the branches of the femoral artery in the thigh?
The deep femoral artery with perforating branches - supplies the medial and posterior thigh.
The medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries that wrap around the neck of the femur
What arteries also contribute to the supply of the thigh?
The superior gluteal - branch of
the posterior division of internal iliac
The inferior gluteal - branch of the anterior division of internal iliac
The obturator - branch of the anterior division of internal illiac
Describe the deep drainage of the leg?
The anterior and posterior tibila drains
Into the popliteal vein
Into the femoral vein
Into the external iliac vein
Inferior and superior gluteal veins will drain into the internal illiac vein.
Describe the superficial venous drainage of the leg.
The small and great saphenous veins which anastamose over the foot
Small drains into the popliteal vein - saphenopopliteal junction.
Great drain into the femoral vein - saphenofemoral junction
What muscles are found on the dorsum surface of the foot?
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
Dorsal interossei
What muscles are found in teh 1st plantar layer in the foot?
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minmi
What muscles are found in the second plantar layer of the foot?
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi
Lumbricalis
Quadratus plantaw
What muscles are found in the third plantar layer of the foot?
Adductor hallucis - with a oblique and a transverse head.
Planter interossei
Identify adductor brevis
B
Indicate the short head of biceps femoris
D
What structures are commonly damaged alongside the anterior cruciate ligament?
The meniscus
Describe the innervation to the lower limb?
Thigh is supplied by the sciatic nerve, femoral nerve and the obturator nerve
THe glutes by the superior and inferior gluteal never
The sciatic nerve continues to become the popliteal nerve, then splits into the common fibular and the tibial nerve
THe tibial nerve supplies the posterior compartments of leg.
The deep fibular - anterior lieg
The superficial fibular - lateral leg
Identify the muscle
Extensor hallucis brevis
Identify the muscle
Extensor digitorum brevis
Identify the muscle
Adductor digiti minimi
What is the muscle? On plantar foot
Flexor digitorum brevis
Identify the muscle
Adductor hallucis
Identify the muscle
Dorsal interrossi muscles
Identify the muscle plantar surface
Flexor hallucis brevis
Identify the muscle shown plantar surface of foot
Lambricals
Made from the tendon of flexor digitorum longus
Identify the muscle shown plantar surface of foot
Quadratus plantae
Identify the muscle shown plantar surface
Lumbrical muscles
Identify the muscle shown
Oblique head of adductor hallucis
What muscle is shown?
Transverse head of adductor hallucis
What muscle is shown?
Plantar interossi muscle
