Unit 5 Bones And Joints Flashcards
1
Q
What is the yellow labels?
A
Iliac crest and iliac fossa
2
Q
What are the green labels?
A
Sacrum
Coccyx
Sacro iliac joint
3
Q
What is the dark blue label?
A
Promontory
4
Q
What is the light blue label?
A
Ischia spine
5
Q
What is the first black label?
A
Ala of sacrum
6
Q
What is the second black label?
A
Pubic tubercule
7
Q
What is the third black label?
A
Superior and inferior pubic rami
8
Q
What is the fourth black label?
A
Ischial ramus
9
Q
What is the fifth black label?
A
Greater trochanter
10
Q
What is the sixth black label?
A
Neck of femur
11
Q
What is the seventh black label?
A
Intertrochonteric fossa
12
Q
What is the eight black label?
A
The lesser trochanter
13
Q
What is the orange label?
A
Obturator foramen
14
Q
What is the purple label?
A
Anterior sacral formamina
15
Q
What are the two red labels?
A
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
16
Q
What is label 1, 4 and 2 black?
A
Femur
Tibia
Patella
17
Q
What is the third black label?
A
Tibial tuberosity
18
Q
What is the fifth black label?
A
Intercondylar eminence
19
Q
What is the sixth black label?
A
Intercondylar fossa
20
Q
What is the seventh black label?
A
Lateral epicondyle
21
Q
What is the 1 2 3 purple label?
A
The medial epicondyle
The medial femoral condyle
The medial tibial condyle
22
Q
What is the light blue label?
A
Popliteal surface
23
Q
What is the yellow label?
A
Proximal tibiofibrual joint
24
Q
What are the three blue labels?
A
Head of fibula
Neck of fibula
Fibula
25
What is the green and red label?
Lateral tibial condyle
Lateral femoral condyle
26
What are the first second and third black labels?
Fovea
Head
Neck
Of femur
27
What is the yellow label?
Intertrochanteric line (anterior and posterior)
28
What is the light blue label?
Greater trochanter
29
What is the green label?
Lesser trochanter
30
What is the pink label?
Shaft of femur
31
What is the purple label.
Trochanteric fossa
32
What are the orange labels?
The lateral and medial lip of the línea aspera
33
What is the light blue label?
The iliac crest
34
What are the dark blue labels?
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
35
What is the orange label?
The iliac tubercule
36
What is the yellow label?
The gluteal surface
37
What are the red labels?
The greater and lesser sciatic notch
38
What is the green label?
Acetabulum
39
What is the purple label?
Ischial spine
40
What is the function of the gluteal muscles?
Move the lower limb at the hip joint
41
What are the two groups of gluteal regions?
Superficial abductors and extenders
Deep lateral rotators
42
Give an overview of the superficial abductors and extenders
Group of large muscles that abduct and extend the femur.
Includes the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata
43
What is the deal with deep lateral rotators?
Group of smaller muscles that laterally rotate the femur
In the gluteal regions
Includes the Quadratus femoral, piriformis and gemellus superior, gemellus inferior and obturator internus.
44
What is the arterial supply to the gluteal region?
Internal iliac artery branching into the superior and inferior gluteal arteries
45
What is the function of the gluteus maximus?
Largest of the gluteal muscles, produces the bum shape.
Is the main extensor of the thigh, assists lateral rotation. Is only used when force is required e.g running or climbing. Knee and hip joint stabilisation
46
What is the attachment of gluteus maximus?
Originates from the gluteal surface of the ilium, sacrum and coccyx.
Slope across the buttocks at a 45 degree angle and insert into the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of the femur
47
What is the innervation of the gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
48
What is the function of the gluteus medius?
Fan shaped, between th gluteus maximus and minimus.
Abduction and medial rotation of the lower limb. Stabilised the pelvis during locomotion.
Prevents dropping of the pelvis on th controlateral side.
49
What are the attachments of the gluteus medius?
Gluteal surface of the ileum.
Inserts into the lateral surface of the greater trochanter
50
What is the innervation of the gluteus medius?
Superior gluteal nerve
51
What is the overview and function of the gluteus minimus?
Deepest and smallest of the superficial gluteal muscles.
Abductions and medial rotates the lower limb.
Stabilise the pelvis and prevents it dropping contralsterally,
52
What is the attachment of the gluteus minimus?
Originates from the ilium and converges to form a tendon, inserting to the anterior side of the greater trochanter.
53
What is the innervation of the gluteus minimus?
Superior gluteal nerve
54
What is the main function and overview of the tensor fascia lata?
Small superficial muscle towards the anterior edge of the iliac crest.
Tigh tens the fascia lata and abducts and rotates medically,
Has a supportive role on gait cycle, Support the other gluteus muscles
55
What are the attachments of the tensor fascia lata?
Originates from the anterior iliac crest, attaching to the anterior superior iliac spine.insets into the iliotibial tract, which then attaches to the lateral condyle of the tibia.
56
What innervates the tensor fascia lata?
the superior gluteal nerve
57
Give and overview of the location and function of the deep muscles.
Set of smaller muscles, located underneath the gluteus minimus.
Laterally rotate the lower limb and stabilise the hip joint by pulling the femoral head towards the acetabulum.
58
What is the piriformis muscle?
Function and location
Most superior of the deep muscles.
Originates from the anterior surface of the sacrum, fibres travel inferiorly and laterally through the greater sciatic foramen to insert onto the greater trochanter of the femur.
Lateral rotation and abduction
59
What is the inveravation of the piriformis?
Nerve to piriformis
60
What is the deal with the obturator internus?
Forms lateral wall of pelvic cavity (sometimes referred to alongside the gemellus muscles as the triceps coxae)
Originates from the pubic and ischium at the obturator foramen.
It travels through the lesser sciatic form and and attaches to the greater trochanter of the femur.
Role in lateral rotation and abduction
61
What is the location and function of the gemelli muscles? Superior and inferior
Two narrow triangular muscles, separated by the obturator internus tendon.
Attaches to the superior gemellus muscle
Superior originates from the Ischial spine and the inferior from the Ischial tuberosity. Both attach to the greater trochanter of the femur.
Actions: lateral rotation and abduction
62
What is the innervation of the gemelli?
Superior is innervates by the nerve to the obturator internus
Th e inferior is innervates by the nerve to the Quadratus femoris
63
What is the deal with the Quadratus femoris?
A flat square shaped muscle.
Most inferior of the deep gluteal muscles, located below the gemelli and the obturator internus.
Attaches to the lateral aspect of the is hail tuberosity and the Quadratus tuberosity on the intertrochanteric crest
Lateral rotation
Innervates by the Quadratus femoris.
64
What are the three different types of joints?
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
65
Give an overview of fibrous joints
Two bones joined together by fibres
Immobile
66
Give an overview of cartilaginous joints
Bones united by cartilage
Limited movement
67
Give an overview of synovial joints
Synovial capsule with a membrane, liquid and fluid
Highly mobile
68
Give an overview of cranial sutures
A type of fibrous joint found in the skull
Are made mostly of collagen
Are more flexible as a foetus and a young child, become more fixed, narrow and less moveable as you age and the brain and skill no longer need to expand.
69
Give an overview of syndesmoses
A fibrous joint which connects two adjacent bones by a strong membrane or ligament
Found in between the tibia and fibula
Found between the radius and the ulna
70
What is a gomphosis?
A type of fibrous joint in which a plug like structure is out in a socket made of fibrous tissue.
Only found where the teeth are inserted into the mandible and the maxilla.
71
What are primary synchondroses?
A type of cartilage joint, made mainly of hyaline cartilage.
Often areas of growth, considered part of the primary skeletal system. Can become bone as we age.
These are costochondral found in relation to the ribs and the sternum.
72
What is a secondary symphysis?
A type of cartilaginous joint.
Found at the pubic symphysis
Does not become bone as it ages.
Note can stretch during pregnancy to allow the baby to easier leave the birth canal.
73
What are the six different types of synovial joints?
Plane
Hinge
Saddle
Pívot
Condyloid
Ball and socket
Prince Harry Pulled Charles Saddle Bag
74
Draw a diagram to show the different types of synovial joints
75
Give an overview of pívot joints.
Allows one bone to rotates around it own long axis.
One bones sits in another like a sleeve, strapped in by bone or ligament.
Examples: humerus and 1/2 cervical vertebrae
76
Give an overview of a planar joint
Multiaxial
Flat bones Slide Over each other
Between the navicular and the second/third tarsal
77
Give an overview of a hinge joint
Like a door hinge
A rounded bone sits in a thought shape.
Rotate partially along one axis.
78
Give an overview of a condyloid joint.
Oval shaped articulation like an egg in an egg cup.
Radiocarpal joint and other joints relating to digits.
79
What is a saddle joint?
Biaxial joint
Allows flexion extension, abductions adduction
Like scissoring.
Thumbs metacarpal joints
80
What is a ball in the socket joint?
Very flexible
Large range of movement
Hips and shoulder.
81
Name these muscles in the leg
Vastus medalis muscle
Vastus intermedius muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
82
What is this bit of fascia called?
The iliotibial tract
83
What is this muscle called?
Anterior tibialis muscle
84
What is this muscle called?
Posterior tibialis muscle
85
What is this muscle called?
Flexor digitorum longus
86
What is this muscle called?
Flexor digitorum brevis
87
What is the anatomical and clinical importance of the piriformis muscle?
Acts as a boundary for identifying nerves.
The sciatic nerve often passes inferior to the piriformis muscle, however it can pierce through the muscle.
If the piriformis muscle was to become inflamed it could damage the nerve causing pain down the lower limb.
It also splits the gluteal branches into inferior and superior gluteal branches.
88
What innervates the iliopsoas muscle?
Femoral nerve originating from L2. L4
89
What type of cartilage joins the three pelvic bones at birth?
Hyaline cartilage
90
Where is the sacrospinous ligament?
Between the sacrum and the ischial spine
91
Where is the sacrotuberus ligament?
Between the sacrum and the ischial tuberosity.
92
What nerve passes through the obturator formane?
The obturator nerve
93
Where on the pelvis do the saratorius muscles arise from?
Anterior superior Iliac spine
94
Where on the pelvis do the rectus femoris muscles arise from?
Anterior inferior iliac spine
95
Where on the pelvis do the hamstring muscles originate from?
Ischial tuberosity.
96
What is the patella fat pad?
Found inferior and deep to the patella.
Prevents pinching of the synovial membrane. highly vascularised and innervated so feels pain, stabilises the patella and the patella ligament
97
What is the posterior cruciate ligament?
Thicker and stronger than the anterior cruciate ligament
Travels from the posterior lateral surface of the medial epicondyle on the fumr to the posterior intercondylar area on the tibia.
Prevents the knee sliding forwards
98
What is the anterior cruciate ligament?
Travels from the Intercondylar tibia plateau to the posteriomedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle
Prevents femur sliding backwards, stops hyperextension of the knee.
Makes a popping sound when broken.
99
What is the medial collateral ligament?
Also knwon as the tibial collateral ligament.
Stabilises the knee joint when standing
100
What is the lateral collateral ligament?
Also known as the fibular collateral ligament
Maintains knee joint stability through range of motion
Is wider and flatter than the medial collateral ligament.
101
What are the lateral and medial miniscus of the knee?
Fibrocartilogenous bands, create 4/5th of a circle.
Widen and deepen the tibial articular surface making it more bowl-shaped to easier fit the femoral condyles, stabilising the joint.
Note the medial meniscus is larger and thicker.
102
What collateral ligament in the knee is the most likely to be injured and why?
Tibial collateral ligament.
Most force that injurs a knee comes from the lateral side hence forces the knee to bend medial braking the medial collateral ligament that is located on that side.
103
What meniscus is most likely to be injured and why?
The medial miniscus
Is larger in order to fit the larger medial femoral condyle, hence is subject to more friction so the meniscus is more likely to tear or be worn down.
104
What is the knee joint capsule?
Surrounds the deep ligaments of the knee.
Is made of an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous layer.
Encloses the articular ends of the knee joint.
Provides stability to tendons and ligaments
105
What are bursae?
Sac-like structures made of the synovial membrane that protrude through gaps in the fibrous layer of the knee joint capsule
Reduce friction by producing synovial fluid
Can become inflammed
106
What is the function of the oblique popliteal ligament?
Prevents hyperextension of the knee
107
What is the function of the anterior ligament of the fibular head?
Aids attachment of the fibula to the tibia.
108
What is the function of the medial and lateral patella retinaculum?
Stabilise the patella in position
109
What ligament does the patella lie within?
The patella ligament
Also the quadriceps femoris tendon
110
What does the tibial tuberosity act as an attachment site for?
The patella tendon hence indirectly the quadratus femoris tendon, allowing the quadmuscles to flex the leg at the knee joint
111
Draw a diagram of a simplified synovial joint.
Including the joint capsule.
112
What nerves pass through the popliteal fossa?
The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
The sciatic nerve which splits into the fibula nerve travelling down the lateral aspect of the knee and the tibial nerve which travels down the middle of the surface.
113
What protects the lateral meniscus from damage?
Unattached to the capsule so more moveable
Also attached to the popliteus tendon
Muscles around the knee absorb impact
The lateral femoral condyle is smaller
Most impact on the knee comes from the lateral side.
114
What ligament attaches to two menisci in the knee?
The transverse ligament
115
What are the two blue structures?
Patella fat pad
Patella ligamemt
116
What are the two red structures?
The ACL
The PCL
117
What is the yellow structure?
The lateral collateral ligament
118
What is the black structure?
Tendon of the popliteus muscle
119
What is the green structure?
The transverse ligament
120
What structure is this?
Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
121
What structure is this?
The knee joint capsule
122
What structure is this?
Oblique popliteal ligament
123
What side of the knee is the fibula on?
Lateral
124
What structure is this?
Lateral collateral ligament
125
What structure is this?
Medial collateral ligament
126
What structure is this?
Anterior ligament of fibula head
127
What structure is this?
Anterior cruciate ligament
128
What structure is this?
Posterior cruciate ligament
