Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy class > Unit 6: External Brain > Flashcards

Unit 6: External Brain Flashcards

1
Q

How are the bones of the skull formed and joined?

A

Formed by intramembranous ossification
Joined by sutures (a fibrous joint)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cranium?

A

The superior aspect of the skull.
Protects the meninges, brain and cerebral vasculature
Split into the cranial roof and the cranial base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes up the cranial roof?

A

The frontal, occipital and two parietal bones.
Also known as the valvarium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the cranial base?

A

The frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, occpital, parietal and temporal bones.
Articulate with C1, facial bones and mandible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are of the skull is particularly dangerous for cranial fractures?

A

The pterion
A H-shaped junction between the temporal, parietal, frontal and sphenoid bones.
Overlies the middle meningeal aretery, a fracture could damage the artery causing an axtradural haematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the facial skeleton?

A

12 bones that support the soft tissue of the face.
Lacrimal (2)
Nasal (2)
Inferior nasal conche (2)
Palatine (2)
Maxilla
Vomer
mandible
Also known as the viscerocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the joint between the mandible and the cranium called?

A

Temporomandibular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the strength of cranial sutures like?

A

Sutures are immovable, become more fused with age, fusing completely around the age of 20.
Despite there srtength they are still sites of potential weakness within the skull.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the different cranial suture?

A

Coronal suture - fuses frontal bone with parietal bones
Sagittal suture - fuses parietal bones together
Lambdoid suture - fuses occipital bones to parietal bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are fontanelle in the skull?

A

Found in neonates
Areas of weakness where the suture have not yet fused together
Membranous gaps
Frontal fontanelle
Occipital fontanelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hows does the brains oxygen demand compare to other structures?

A

Very high oxygen demand
Very sensitive to oxygen deprivation, ischemic cell death within minutes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two main arteries responsible for supplying the brain?

A

The vertebral arteries - posterior circulation
The internal carotid arteries - anterior circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What vessels supply the pons, medullar and brains stem?

A

Branches of the vertebral arteries - pontine arteries from the basilar artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the origin of the internal carotid arteries.

A

Common carotid arteries travel within the carotid sheath.
At C4 level the common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid artery.
Enters the brain via the carotid canal of the temporal bone
Pass anteriorly to the cavernous sinus, distally give off branches then continue as the middle cerebral artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the different branches of the internal carotid arteries?

A

Ophthalmic artery
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Anterior cerebral artery.
(OPAA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the ophthalmic artery supply?

A

The structures of the orbit (eye socket)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the posterior communicating artery supply?

A

Is an anastomotic connecting vessel in the circle of willis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the anterior choroidal artery supply?

A

Structures in the brain important for motor control and vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Parts of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the origin of the vertebral arteries?

A

Division of the subclavian arteries, travel up the posterior aspect of the neck through the formen transversarium.
Enter the cranail cavity through the foramen magnum.
Give off branches then continue as the basilar artery, which also branches then terminates by bifurcating into the posterior cerebral arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the branches of the vertebral arteries before they become the basillar artery?

A

Meningeal branch - supplies the falx cerebelli
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries - supply the full length of the spinal cord
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery - supplies the posterior lobe of the cerebellum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the basilar artery supply?

A

Travel up the ventral brain stem, branches supply the cerebellum and the pons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the circle of willis?
Why is it important?
where is it found?

A

Anastamoses of the terminal branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries.
Safeguard to stroke by allowing multiple routes of blood supply to the brain
Found just anterior to the brain stem and inferior to the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the differenct vessels that make up the circle of willis?

A

Main paired vessels
- anterior cerebral arteries
- internal carotid arteries
-posterior cerebral arteries
Paired support vessels
- anterior communicating artery
-posterior communicating artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Draw a diagram to represent the circle of willis. Label the blood vessels involved.
Yellow is the circle internal carotids then travel out of the page toward us.
26
What regions of the brain do the different cerebral arteries supply?
Anterior cerebral artery - anteromedial cerebrum Middle cerebral artery - lateral cerebrum Posterior cerebral arteries - posterior cerebellul and inferior lateral edge.
27
What arteries supply the spinal cord?
Three longitudinal arteries: 1. Anterior spinal atery - branch of vertebral, travels in anterior median fissure, give rise to sulcal arteries which enter the spinal cord 2 +3 posterior spinal arteries - orignate from vertebral artery or the posterioinferior cerebellar artery, anastamose in the pia mater.
28
How does blood supply to the spinal cord change inferior the cervical level?
Supply from the three longitudinal arteries is insufficient. Support from anastomoses of the segmental medullary and radicular arteries
29
Give an overview of segmental medullary arteries.
Anterior and posterior segmental medullar arteries Dervied from spinal branches of arteies entering the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramina
30
What is the great anterior segmental artery of adamkiewicz?
Reinforces blood circulation to the inferior 2/3 of the spinal cord, found on the left in most individuals.
31
Give an overview of radicular arteries?
Supply and follow the paths of anterior and posterior nerve roots May also help supply the spinal cord.
32
What is an embolism?
An obstruction of a blood vessels by an embolus formed elsewhere in the circulatory system. Moves through the circulatory system until it blocks a vessel that is too small for it to pass through.
33
What is the cribriform plate?
Structure of the ethnoid Acts a bit llike a siv (many small holes) Transmits the olfactory nerve CN1
34
What are the different formania of the sphenoid bone?
Form nose to occipital: -optic canal -Superior orbital fissue -foraman rotandum -forman ovale
35
What is the function of the optic canal?
Is one of the formanin a in the sphenoid bone Transmits the optic nerve CN2
36
What is the superior orbital fissure?
One of the formaninia in the sphenoid bone Transmits the oculomotor nerve CN3, Trochlear nerve CN4, Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve CN5 and the abducens nerve CN6
37
What is formen rotundum?
One of the formanina of the sphenoid bone Transmits the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve CN5
38
What is the formen ovale?
One of the foramina of the sphenoid bone Transmits the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve CN V3
39
What is the internal acoustic meatus?
Structure in the temporal bone for the passage of the facial nerve CNVII and the vestibulocochlear nerve CNVIII out of the cranium.
40
What is the stylomastoid foramen?
Where the facial nerve is transmitted out of the cranium part of the temporal bone Links up to the internal acoustic meatus
41
What is the jugular foramen?
Sits between the temporal and occipital bone inferiorly Transmits the Glassopharahgnea; nerve CN9, vagus nerve CN10 and accessory nerve CN11.
42
What is the hypoglossal canal?
A structure for the passage of the hypoglossal nerve CNXII out of the cranial cavity Found within the occipital bone
43
What are the dural venous sinuses?
Endothelial lined cavities between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura. Large veins empty into these sinuses, drain into the internal jugular vein.
44
How does the arachnoid layer relate to the dural venous sinuses?
Arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses, used as sites for the CSF to drain back into cardiovascular circulation
45
What are the main dural sinuses and where are they found? in the brain
The superior sagittal sinus - superior edge of the falx cerebri The inferior sagittal sinus - inferior edge of the falx cerebri The straight sinus - the fusion of the ISS and the great cerebral vein, runs along the attachment between the falx cerebri and the tentorum cerebelli The occipital sinus - posteriorly to the cerebellum to the external occipital protuberacne Transverse sinus - runs along the occipital bone to the edge of the parietal bone Sigmoid sinus - continuation of the transverse sinus, runs along the temporal bone until in meets the internal jugular vein Cavernous sinus - lateral to the sella turcica drains into superior petrosal sinus onto the inferior jugular vein by the interior petrosal sinus.
46
What is the confluence of sinuses?
Region in the brain close to the external occipital protuberance where the dural sinuses merge together, blood flow can take many directions
47
What is the clinical importance of the cavernous sinus?
Many cranial nerves pass out of the skull near the cavernous sinus, thrombosis in this sinus may exert pressure on the nerves causing damage and cranial nerve palsy.
48
What structure is shown in the image?
External occipital protuberance
49
What structure is shown in the image?
Internal occipital protuberance
50
What structure is shown in the image?
Imprints from dural venous sinuses
51
What structure is the large hole shown in the image?
The foramen magnum
52
What structure is shown in the image?
Petrous portion of the temporal bone
53
What structure is shown in the image?
The squamous portion of the temporal bone
54
What structure is shown on the image?
The mastoid process on the temporal bone
55
What structure is shown in the image?
External acoustic meatus of the temporal bone
56
What structure is shown in the image?
The styloid process of the temporal bone
57
What structure is shown in the image? In dark green
The lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
58
What structure is shown in the image?
The greater wing of the sphenoid bone
59
What structure is shown in the image?
The clivus of the sphenoid bone Links with the Clivus on the occipital bone for resting of the brain stem
60
What structure is shown in the image?
The sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
61
What structure is shown in the image?
The pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone Made of a medial and lateral plate
62
What structure is shown in the image?
The ciribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
63
What is shown in the image below?
The superior and medial nasal conchae bones - part of the ethmoid bone The inferior nasal conchae bones, Note all structures are bilateral
64
What is shown in the image below?
The zygomatic bone
65
What structure is shown in the image? In the large red circle
The pterion region Deep to this is the middle meníngeas artery
66
What is the red hole called?
The optic canal
67
What is the green hole called?
The superior orbital fissure
68
What is the red hole called? In the sphenoid bone
The optic canal
69
What is the green bone in the sphenoid bone called?
The supraorbital fissure
70
What is the dark blue hole called?
The foramen rotundum
71
What is the yellow hole called?
Internal acoustic meatus
72
What is the light blue hole called?
Foramen ovale
73
What are the large red circles called?
The jugular foramen
74
What is the pink structure called?
The hypoglossal canal Note is bilateral
75
What are the little red holes next to foramen ovale?
The foramen spinosum - contains the middle meníngeas artery
76
What is the green structure next for Forman ovale?
The foramen lacerum Does not contain any structures but is passed over anteriorly by the internal corotid artery
77
Where do the vertebral arteries enter the cranium?
Via the foramen magnum
78
What three arteries supply the cerebellum?
The superior cerebellar The anterior inferior cerebellar The posterior inferior cerebellar
79
What is the labyrinthine arteries?
Branches of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery Supplies structures in the ear
80
What are the ophthalmic arteries?
Branches of the internal carotid arteries Supply the eyelids, conjunctiva and the lacrimal gland
81
What area of the primary motor cortex are supplied by which cerebral arteries?
82
What areas of the primary sensory cortex are supplied by which cerebral arteries?
83
What are the different lobes of the brain?
Green - frontal Yellow - temporal Red - parietal Blue - occipital
84
Where is the central sulucs of the brain?
Seperates the frontal and the parietal lobe
85
Where is the lateral/sylvian sulucs of the brain?
Seperates the temporal lobe from the frontal and the parietal lobe
86
Where is the longituidinal fissure of the brain?
Seperates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
87
Where is the transverse fissure of the brain?
Seperates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
88
Where is the prefrontal cortex found?
The anterior part of the frontal lobe
89
Where is the primary motor cortex found?
Just anterior to the central sulcus
90
Where is the pimray somatosesnory cortex found?
Just posterior to the central sulcus
91
Where is the primary visual cortex found?
Posterior and inferior aspect of the occipital lobe
92
Where is Brocas area found?
Part of the frontal lobe Roughly half way along the lateral sulucs
93
Where is Wernickes area found?
At the junction between the temporal and parietal lobes
94
What are the layers of the scalp?
S - skin C - dense connetive tissue A - aponeurotic layer - muscle and aponeurosis L - loose connective tissue P - pericranium
95
What type of skin is found on the scalp?
Hair is present on a large amount of it Thickest skin on the body
96
Why does the scalp bleed a lot when it is injured?
First three layers are well fused together, often all removed during injury Dense connective tissue under the skin containg the blood vessels, holds the blood vessel open, causes prolonged bleeding
97
Where do blood vessels supplying the meninges run? What type of hemorrhage would this cause?
Located in the subarachnoid space Results in a subarachnoid hemorrhage or an epidural hematoma
98
Where do the blood vessels supplying the brain run? What type of hemorrhage would this cause?
Run under the pia mater on the brain tissue Causes an intraparenchymal hemorrhage
99
What is the cerebrum also known as?
The tencephalon
100
What are these five different regions of the brain?
Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain (mesencephalon) Pons (Metencephalon) Medulla oblangata (myencephalon)
101
What is the flow of blood in the main dural venous sinuses?
The inferior sagittal sinus drains into the great cerebral vein into the straight sinus. The occipital sinus and superior sagittal sinus also drains into the confluence of sinuses. This drains into the confluence of sinuses This drains into the transverse sinus, into the sigmoid sinus into the internal jugular vein
102
How is blood from the opthalmic veins drained?
Drained into the cavernous sinus into the internal jugular vein
103
F
104
And what is it?
Part of the limbic system, help regulates emotions and pain
105
What is the superior colliculus?
D Integrates visual, auditory and somatosensory information to orientate the head, neck and eyes to identify the source of information
106
What is the corpus callosum?
Connects left and right cerebral hemispheres
107
Identify the cerebellar arteries
A = superior cerebellar B= anterior inferior cerebellar C = posterior inferior cerebellar artery
108
Label the different cranial nerves

Anatomy class (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions