Induction week 12/09 Flashcards
What are anatomical planes?
Imaginary 2D lines used to divide the body into sections.
What is the median/ midsagittal plane?
Splits the body into equal right and left halves.
This plane is stationary.
What is the parasagittal plane?
Divides the body into left and right halves.
Plane may move, giving unequal sections.
Is always parallel to the midline.
What is the axial plane?
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
Can move to give unequal halves.
What are other names for the axial plane?
Transverse plane
Horizontal plane.
How is the location of the axial and the sagittal plane related?
Planes are perpendicular to each other.
What is the frontal plane?
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
What is another name for the frontal plane?
The coronal plane.
What are cardinal planes?
The midsagittal plane, transverse plane and coronal plane.
Divide the body into halves.
Interact at the bodys theoretical centre of mass.
What is a systems based approach to anatomy?
Focused on one body system across multiple body regions.
A body system is multiple different organs working together to perform one main function.
e.g the digestive system
What is a body regions based approach to anatomy?
Focused on one area of the body and learns how many body systems interact in this area.
e.g the arm
What is a body cavity?
A space within the body containing bodily organs.
What is the thoracic cavity?
A cavity with boundaries marked by the rib-cage and diaphragm.
Contains the mediastinum and right/left pleural cavity.
What is the mediastinum?
Part of the thoracic cavity.
Located medially.
Contain the heart, oesophagus, trachea, thoracic nerves and major blood vessels.
Separates the right and left pleural cavity.
What are the right/left pleural cavities?
Part of the thoracic cavity.
Contain the lungs.
Located laterally.
What is the main inferior cavity of the trunk called?
The abdominopelvic cavity.
What is the boundary between the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?
The diaphragm
How is the abdominopelvic cavity sun-divided?
Superior
The abdominal cavity.
Dividing pelvic brim
The pelvic cavity.
The ending pelvic diaphragm
Inferior
What is found in the abdominal cavity?
Mainly the digestive organs.
What is found in the pelvis cavity?
Mainly reproductive organs and distal ends of the digestive system such as the rectum.
What is a serous membrane?
A mesothelial tissue that lines body cavities with a two-layered membrane.
What is the purpose of serous membranes?
To reduce friction between internal organs in the body.
What are the basic parts of a serous membrane?
The visceral layer - layer against the organ
Often fluid filled space
The parietal layer - layer against the wall of the cavity.
Name three types of serous membrane.
Pleural membrane - surrounds the lungs
Pericardial membrane - surrounds the heart
Peritoneal membrane - surrounds the abdominal organs.
How are serous membranes named?
Prefix - visceral or parietal for layer of membrane
Suffix - location of membrane.
What is the name of the serous membrane against the cavity wall surrounding the lungs?
Parietal pleura
What is the name of the serous membrane that is against the lungs?
visceral pleura
What is the name of the serous membrane lining the cavity wall surrounding the heart?
Parietal pericardium
What is the name of the serous membrane lining the wall of the cavity surrounding the abdominal organs?
Parietal peritoneum
What is the name of the serous membrane surrounding the heart in the cavity?
Visceral pericardium
What is the name of the serous membrane surrounding the abdominal organs in their cavity?
Visercal peritoneum
How are anatomical terms of relationship used?
Used in pairs to describe the location of body structures.
x is ——— to y.
Comparative terms
What does superficial mean?
Closer to the skin
What does deep mean?
Away from the skin.
What does anterior mean?
Also known as ventral
Closer to the front.
What does posterior mean?
Also known as dorsal
Closer to the back
What does superior mean?
Also known as cranial
Closer to the head
What does inferior mean?
Also known as caudal
Closer to the feet.
What does proximal mean?
Closer to the point of origin
What does distal mean?
Further away from the point of origin.
What does lateral mean?
Further away from the midline.
What does medial mean?
Closer to the midline.
What are anatomical terms of laterality used for?
Used in isolation to describe the the structure of an organ is related to itself or others.
What does bilateral mean?
A mirror image of this structure with the same name and function will be found on the opposite side of the body.
What does unilateral mean?
No pair structure exists.
What does contralateral mean?
A different structure with a different name and function is located on the opposite side of the body.
E.g left arm and right leg
What does ipsilateral mean?
A different structure with a different name and function is located on the same side of the body.
What is the difference between gross and microscopically anatomy?
Gross anatomy can be studied without the use of a microscope.
Microscopically anatomy requires the use of a microscope.
What is the anatomical position used for?
As a standard reference position to describe the location of features in the body.
What does the anatomical model look like?
Standing upright with the feet together and the head in neutral.
Hands by the side, palms facing forward with the thumb pad along the side of the hand.
Feet facing forwards.
In males the penis is erect.
What does rostral mean?
Located closer to the nose or mouth.
Used in embryos
What is the set change from a superficial to a deep wound?
A deep wound is below the deep fascia whilst a superficial wound is above it.
What is anatomy?
The study of the structure and morphology of the body.
What assumption is made for any anatomical description?
That the person is in the anatomical position
What is cross sectional anatomy?
Viewing a structure in a 2D plane that has been cut at a right angle to one of the main planes.
Think of looking at the cross section of a river.
For example an MRI scan.
What are the different surfaces in a foot?
Dorsum surface - more superior upwards facing
Plantar surface - downwards sole of the foot
What are the different surfaces of the hand?
Dorsum surface - top of hand, bonier par
Palmar surface - the palm of the hand
What does cranial mean?
Used in embryos is to mean towards the head
What does caudal mean?
Used in embryos to mean towards the toes.
What is flexion?
To decrease the angle between articulating bones.
What is extension?
To increase the angle between articulating bones.
What is hyperflexion?
To decrease the angle between articulating bones beyond the normal range.
What is hyperextension?
To increase the angle between articulating bones beyond the anatomical position.
What is adduction?
Movement of a bone towards the midline of the body.
Adding together
What is abduction?
Movement of a bone away from the midline of the body.
Abducted by aliens.
What is medial rotation?
Rotation of a joint towards the midline
What is lateral rotation?
Rotation of a joint away from the midline.
What is elevation?
Movement of a body part superiorly.
What is depression?
Movement of a body part inferiorly.
What is common amongst all body movements?
Occur at a joint.
What is protraction?
The movement of a body part anteriorly.
What is retraction?
Movement of a body part posteriorly.
What is pronation?
The rotation of the forearm to face posteriorly.
What is supination?
The rotation of the forearm to face anteriorly.
Holding a bowl of soup.
What movements are specific to the ankle?
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
What is inversion?
Rotating the ankle so the sole faces inwards
What is eversion?
Rotating the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces outwards.
What is plantar flexion?
Pointing the foot inferiorly to increase the angle between the plantar surface and the tibia.
What is dorsiflexion?
Pointing the foot upwards to reduce the angle between the dorsal surface and the tibia.
What body part undergoes pronation and supination?
Forearm
What part of the body undergoes protraction, retraction, elevation and depression?
Mouth and shoulder.
What type of movement does the foetal position demonstrate?
Flexion of all joint.
What is an example of abduction/adduction deviation?
Movement of the fingers away/towards the midline of the hand.
What is another term for medial and lateral?
Medial - interior
Lateral - exterior
What is circumduction?
Movement of a limb or body part so the distal end draws a circle but the proximal end remains stationary.
What is lateral flexion?
Bending a limb sideways,
E.g the neck or head.
Reducing the angle.
The opposite side of the limb experiences lateral extension
