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Anatomy class > Unit 12: vascular system > Flashcards

Unit 12: vascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the location of the subclavian vein and artery relative to each other?

A

Subclavian vein is anterior and inferior to the subclavian artery.

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2
Q

Describe the location of the internal jugular vein to the common carotid artery.

A

the internal jugular vein is anterior and lateral to the common carotid artery.

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3
Q

What structure is found deep to the subclavian vein?

A

The pleura lining and the lungs.

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4
Q

Label the following image

A

Right common carotid artery
Right internal jugular vein
Right subclavian artery
Right subclavian vein
Right brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava
Arch of aorta
Left brachiocephalic vein
Left subclavian vein
Clavicle
Left subclavian artery
left internal jugular vein
Left common carotid artery
Trachea
Esophagus

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5
Q

What are the advtanges of using a superficial vein for cannulation?

A

Short pathway to cannulation so a higher proportion of the cathether dwells inside the vein - reduce premature catheter failure
Avoid needlestick injury to artery and nerve

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6
Q

What superficial veins of the upper limbs are suitable for cannulation?

A

basilic vein (medial upper arm and forearm)
Cephalic (lateral upper arm and forearm)
Median cubital vein and median antebrachial vein.

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7
Q

label the following image.

A

Clavicle
Calvipectroal triangle
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Axillary vein
Cephalic vein
Biceps brachii
Basilic vein
Cubital fossa
Cephalalic vein
Dorsal venous network of hand
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein

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8
Q

Label the following image

A

Axillary vein
Coracobrachialis
Inferior margin of teres major
Basilic vein penetrates deep fascia
paired Brachial veins
Cephalic vein
Biceps brachii
Deep veins and accompnaying arteries
Basilic vein
Brachialis Basilic vein

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9
Q

Label the neurovasculature in this image.

A

Radial nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein
Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
Basilic vein
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve

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10
Q

Label the neurovasculature in this image.

A

Radial nerve
Brachioradialis (pulled back)
Deep branch of radial nerve
Supinator
Superficial branch of radial nerve
Radial artery
Median nerve
Ulnar artery
Pronator teres (ulnar and humeral head)
Ulnar nerve

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11
Q

This ultrasound was taken over the neck
The muscle is sternocladomastoid.
What is the underlying vasculature?

A

Internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery

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12
Q

What is seen on the infraclavicular vein of vasuclature on this ultrasound?

A

The sub clavian vein anterior and medial
The sub clavian artery very close but slightly deeper and more lateral

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13
Q

What is seen on the supraclavicular view of the underlying vasculature on ultrasound?

A

The subclavian vein
Underlying pleura and lung.

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14
Q

What structures can be identified in the medial aspect of the cubital fossa?

A

Superior and central - median cubital vein
Lateral - brahcial artery
Medial and hyperechoid - medican nerve
Above all these structures is the bicipital aponeurosis
Below is musculature
May also be able to see trochlear.

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15
Q

What are the three different layers in blood vessels?

A

The tunica intima
The tunica media
The tunica adventitia

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16
Q

What is the most abundant blood vessel in the body?

A

Capillaries

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17
Q

What is the key feature of capillaries related to their function?

A

Thin walled - function in exhcnage of gases, nutrients, hormones and waste
Are an endothelium with an underlying basal lamina

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18
Q

What are the three different types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal

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19
Q

What are the features of continuous capillaries?

A

Uninterrupted endothelium
Reduced permeability typically only allows exhcnage of gases
Complete basement membrane and tight junctions between cells
Found in the blood brain barrier.

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20
Q

What are the features of fenestrated capillaries?

A

More permeable
Found is renal corpuscle - allow movement of small molecules and electrolytes
Have fenstrations within cells (transcellular pores)

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21
Q

What are the features of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Have fenestrations (transcellular)
Have pores (paracellular)
These wider gaps facilitate the movement of fluid but also larger molecules and blood cells
Found in the liver and spleen

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22
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

The endocardium
The myocardium
The epicardium

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23
Q

What are the histological features of the epicardium?

A

Outermost layer of the heart
Outermost mesothelial cells form the external layer
Then fibres of the epicardium
Followed by adipose tissue which contains the coronary arteries
Then the myocardium layer often comes into view deep.

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24
Q

What are the key features of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated in appearance due to sracomeres (make up myofibrils)
Central nuclues
Intercalated disks
Electrical coupling via gap junctions - allows myocardium to act as a functional syncytium

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25
Q

What are the identfying features between skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

Skeletal is striated and many peripheral nuclei, non-branched
Cardiac - striated, single central nuclei Singular, branched, intercalated disks

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26
Q

Where is the endocardium the thickest?

A

The atria

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27
Q

What are the three layers of the endocardium?

A

An inner endothelial layer
A middle subendothelial layer
An outer subendocardial layer

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28
Q

What are the features of the inner endothelial layer of the endocardium?

A

Contains flat endothelial cells, continuous with those of blood vessels

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29
Q

What are the features of the middle subendothelial layer of the endocardium?

A

Contains regularly arranged collagen and elastic fibres

30
Q

What are the features of the outer subendocardial layer of the endocardium?

A

Outer layer - irregular arranged collagen, merging with adjacent muscle fibres

31
Q

What is the structure of the fibrocartilogenous skeleton?

A

Fibrocartilage structure - surrounds the four values, consists of the right and left trigone (link the AV values to the aortic valve)
The right trigone contains the AV node.

32
Q

What is the main function of the fibrocartilogenous skeleton?

A

Keeps the ventricular and atrial side of the heart electrically isolated.

33
Q

What layer of the heart are the purkinje fibres found in?

A

The endocardium
Particulary the sudendothelial region

34
Q

What is the function of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle?

A

Ensures electrical continuity.
Allows fast transmission of action potential from cell to cell, by creating a direct electrical connection between cells
This maintains structural integrity and strength

35
Q

What enables a cross bridge cycle to form in cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin and exposes myosin binding site on actin

36
Q

What is the functional contractile unit in cardiac muscle?

A

The sarcomere
Made of contractile proteins

37
Q

What is the ratio of myosin to actin in cardiac muscle?

A

Myosin ; 1
Actin = 6

38
Q

Describe what happens to features of the sarcomere as cardiac muscle contracts.

A

Dark band remains the same length
Light band decreases in lengthe

39
Q

What are the three different structures that make up intercalated disks in cardiac muscle?
What is there function?

A

Desmosomes - mechanical stability
Adherens junctions - mechanical stability
Gap junctions - communication

40
Q

What is the structure of desmosomes?

A

Is a type of anchoring junction
Connects adjacent cell surfaces to act as cohesive unit
Intermediate filaments (cytokeratin) in the cytoplas, connect to a plaque on the inside to the membrane, this plaque conains proteins
These transmembere proteins (desmogelin and desmocolin) both have homophilic components that adhere and link adjacent cells together by joining together.

41
Q

What is the structure of an adherens junction?

A

Type of anchoring junction to give mechanical stability - allows cells to function as a cohesive unit
Connects adjacent cell surfaces
Actin filaments of each cell connect via proteins to adjacent cells
Holds cells together during contraction via link with actin filament
The main protein linking together is E-cadherin (transmembrane), B catetnin, a-catenin, vinculin, F-actin and a-actinin.

42
Q

What is the structure of gap junctions?

A

Intracellular channels for passage of ions and small molecules
Permeit changes in membrane potential to pass from cells to cells such as action potential
Made from 6 connexin transmembrane proteins.

43
Q

What is meant by the concept of the myocardium acting as a functional syncytium?

A

All cardiac myoctyres are elctrically coupled
Intercalated disks including gap junctions provides mechanical stability that allows all cells to contract at the same time and action potential can be propagated along
Allows to behave as a single unit.

44
Q

What is the function of the conducting system in the heart?
What structures are involved?

A

Initiates and propagates action potentials
SAN - AVN - Bundle of His (right and left), Purkinje fibres.

45
Q

What is the difference between anatomicla variant and anatomical deviations?

A

Deviations are a type of variant
Do not impair function
Deviations - symptomatic.

46
Q

Where does the vertebral artery normally arise from?
What are some common variation?

A

Arise from the subclavian artery
5% population arises directly from arch of aorta - this is known as a isolated vertebral artery

47
Q

What is a bovine arch?

A

An anatomical variation
27% of people - more common in African or South American descent
Left common carotid artery and brachiocephalic artery also share a common trunk called a bicarotid trunk.

48
Q

What are some common variations in the circle of willis?

A

Only 20-25% of population have a complete circle of willis
May be duplicated (where two vessel fuse)
May be fenstrated (vessels divide then fuse back together)
May be hypoplastic (vessel underdeveloped)
Absent (vessel absent)

49
Q

What are some common variants of the celiac trunk?

A

A false tripod
Artery will bifrucate, then one division will bifurcate again to form the three division
Rather than a true tripod

50
Q

What are the different anatomical variations of the renal artery?

A

Accessory renal arteries - too many renal arteries, branch from the aorta directly or from different sources
Early division of renal artery - splits into segmental arteries before entering hilum .

51
Q

What is an abberent right subclavian artery?

A

An anatomical variations
No brachiocephalic trunk
Right and left common carotid and subclavian all branch directly from the abdominal aorta
Right subclavian pressures behind the esophagus to pass into arm, this can cause dysphagia lusoria a swallowing difficulty, this normally presents as mild and non-specfiic.

52
Q

What are the division of the anterior division of the internal iliac in males?

A

Top row and branches

53
Q

What are the division of the anterior division of the internal iliac in females?

A
54
Q

Suggest what some of the histological differences may be between the common carotid artery and the popliteal artery.

A

CC - elastic artery - so tunica media is predominanant made of elastic fibres
PA - muscular artery - tunica media is predominantly smooth muscle

55
Q

Why are elastic arteries and muscular arteries have different structures?

A

Elastic - thin overall wall compared to diameter, elastic stores energy to resist distenstions in systole and return to original shape during diastole this maintain diastolic pressure.
Muscular arteries - further down vascular tree are not subject to as much force, greater volume of smooth muscle allows for greater contraction of vessel walls this better regulates flow to downstream vessels.

56
Q

What layer of the blood vessel is the endothelium found in?
What type of epithelium is it?

A

Found in the tunica intima
Is simple sqaoumous epithelium

57
Q

What are some of the functions of the endothelium?

A

Permeability barrier
Synthesise collagen and proteogylcan to maintain basement membrane
Synthesise and secretes molecules to minimise thrombus formation
Secrete vasoactive factors

58
Q

What is the most prominent tissue in the wall of the aorta suggest why?

A

Elastic fibres
Vessel is extremely pulsatile, elastic fibres allow for vessel to return to original shape and maintain pressure during diastole, also prevents overdistention during systole
Elastic fibres decrease peripheral resistance.

59
Q

What is the consequence of loss of elastic fibres in arteries?

A

Increase peripheral resistance
Increase blood pressure
Tends to happen with age.

60
Q

What are the main structural differences between arteries and arterioles?

A

Ateries and arterioles have the same layers
As arterioles become smaller smooth muscle layers become discontinous, in smallest arterioles endothelial cells can pierce the underlying basal membrane and communicate with underlying smooth muscle cells in the media.

61
Q

What are the principle vessels involved in increasing peripheral resistance of the circulation and therefore blood pressure?

A

Aterioles
Very responsive to vasoactive substances
In smallest arterioles endothelial cells can communicate very well with underlying smooth muscle
This alters the peripheral resistance hence the blood pressure of the vessel.

62
Q

What are the differences in tunica intima between veins and arteries?

A

Veins - discontinous internal elastic lamina and a smooth layer of endothelium

Arteries - wavy layer of endothelium, and continuous internal elastic lamina.

63
Q

How does the tunica media vary between arteries and vein?

A

Vein - realticly thin, few sheets of smooth muscle
Arteries - relatively large, mainly sheets of elastic fibres

64
Q

How does the adventitia vary between veins and arteries?

A

Veins - relativly large
Arteries - relativly small

65
Q

What are the different types of arteries?

A

Elastic, muscular and arterioles

66
Q

What are the different types of veins?

A

Large, medium, small and venules

67
Q

What vessel layer forms valves in veins?

A

Intima

68
Q

What vessels do you fins in the adventitia?

A

Vaso vasorum

69
Q

What is the function of capillaries?
How does their structure relate to their function?

A

Function = exchange
Single layer of epithelium attached to basal lamina
Features vary based on site (sinusoidal, fenestrated, continuous)

70
Q

What is the neurovasculature to each compartment of the upper limb?

A
71
Q

What is the neurovasculature to each compartment of the lower limb?

A
72
Q

What is the vasculature of the gut?

A

Anatomy class (42 decks)

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