Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy class > UNIT 4: The lungs > Flashcards

UNIT 4: The lungs Flashcards

1
Q

How does concavity of the lungs vary?
Why?

A

The right lung has a greater concavity.
This is because the right dome of the diaphragm has a higher concavity than the left. - presence of the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What veins and arteries supply structures within the lungs?

A

Bronchial arteries - branch from the descending aorta
Bronchial vein - drains into the azygous vein.
Note x2 bronchial arteries in the left lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the innervation plexus of the lungs?

A

The pulmonary plexus.
Parasympathetic nervous supply is by the vagus nerve, allows contraction and secretion of the bronchial glands and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels
Sympathetic trunks
Visceral afferent = pain to sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can the respiratory systems to classified by function?
What is the function of each part?

A

Conducting - from start to the terminal bronchioles, conducts, filters, warms, moistens and channels air.
Respiratory - from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli, site of gas exchange across the blood gas barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the lung root?

A

The group of structures that suspend the lungs from the mediastinum, consist of the bronchus (and bronchial vessels) and the pulmonary vessels/innervation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How could you describe the shape of the lungs?
What are the different surfaces of the lungs?

A

Cone shaped.
Inferior surface
Anterior surface
Posterior surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the hilum in the lungs?
What passes through it?

A

The hilum is the doorway into the lungs, located on the medial surface of the lungs.
Contains the bronchi, bronchial vasculature, pulmonary artery/veins and pulmonary innervation.
Note each lung hilum has two pulmonary veins. so four in total.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the structure of the right lung?

A

Is larger than the left lung.
Consists of three lobes, superior, middle and inferior lobes.
Has one bronchial artery.
The s and m lobe are separated by the horizontal fissure.
The m and I lobe are separated by the oblique fissure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the structure of the left lung.

A

Is smaller than the right lung, contains a cardiac notch for the heart on its medial surface.
Contains two lobes, a superior and an inferior separated by an oblique fissure.
Two bronchial arteries
lingula - shark fin bit located on the medial inferior edge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can the left and right lung hilum be distinguished? How are they different?

A

RALS
Right lung the pulmonary artery is found anterior to the bronchi.
In the left lung the pulmonary artery is found superior to the bronchi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the easiest way to identify the different structures in the lung hilum?

A

By touch
Bronchi - cartilage, thicker,solid, hard
Pulmonary artery - thicker wall than vein, more muscle and elastic tissue
Pulmonary vein - thinner wall and more flexible than the artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe landmarks on the trachea.

A

Starts at C7,
Bifurcates at T4/5 into the bronchi
Is made of c shaped cartilage and smooth muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the subdivision of the bronchi?

A

Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi / lobar bronchi (one per lobe)
Tertiary bronchi or segmental bronchi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?
Breathing wise?

A

Ventilation for gas exchange
Homeostasis to regulate the acid base content. (through exhalation of CO2).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess and why is it important clinically?

A

empty section of pleura between the rib 8-10 and the diaphragm, only filled during heavy/forced expiration.
During normal ventilation the pleura in this area sits empty.
It is important clinically because problematic air/fluid is most likely to accumulate in this area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is meant by the lung parenchyma?

A

The portion of the lungs that takes part in gas exchange, many many small alveoli, provide a large surface area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the lymphatic drainage of the lung.

A

intially drains into the superficial plexus or the deep plexus.
They both then drain into the bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes
Then into the inferior tracheobronchial (carinal) lymph nodes)
Then the superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes
Then the paratracheal lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What makes up the tracheobronchial tree?

A

The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What vertebral level do the bronchi begin?

A

T4/5
At the same height as the sternal angle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does the right bronchi vary from the left bronchi?
Why is this important clinically?

A

The right bronchi is wider shorter and more verticle (or steeper in angle), this means it is more likely to be blocked in an airway obstruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does cartilage vary down the respiratory tract?

A

Trachea has c shaped cartilage.
The upper bronchi has c shaped cartilage.
The lower bronchi have plates of cartilage,
As you go further into the respiratory system, the amount of cartilage decreases and the amount of smooth muscle increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the different surfaces of pleura?

A

Cervical - more superior, top corner
Mediastinal - towards the heart
Diaphragmatic - towards the diaphragm
Costal - towards the ribs or the thoracic cage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is the pleura important in the movement of the lungs?

A

Reduces friction
The fluid in the pleural cavity, provides surface cavity, pulls/pushes the lungs to move with the thoracic cage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the innervation of the pleura like?

A

The parietal pleura has the phrenic and intercostal nerves, is able to feel pain.
The visercal pleura has the pulmonary plecus and bronchial arteries, is only able to feel stretch not pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the different recesses in the pleural cavity?

A

costodiaphragmatic between ribs and diaphragm
costomedial - between the costal pleura and the mediastinal pleura. is approximately posterior to the sternum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the different subdivisions of the bronchioles?

A

Conducting, terminal and respiratory.

27
Q

What are the three dimensions that the thoracic cavity changes in?

A

Hieght (superior and inferior)
Width (lateral and medial)
Depth (posterior and anterior)

28
Q

What muscles are involved in quiet inhalation and expiration?

A

Inhalation - diaphragm and external intercostals contract
Exhalation - diaphragm and external intercostals relax, elastic recoil os sufficent.

29
Q

What are the accessory muscles involved in forced inhalation?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor
All contract

30
Q

What accessory muscles are used in forced expiration?

A

Internal intercostals
External and internal olique
Transverse abdominus
Rectus abdominus.
All contract

31
Q

How is the muscles used in respiration indictive of respiratory distress/disease?

A

Accessory muscles are more likely to be used in normal breathing for respiratory disease.

32
Q

What is the key function of the intercostal muscles?

A

To keep the intercostal space rigid and prevent spaces being blown out during inspiration or expiration.
Helps move the ribs to aid expiration.

33
Q

What is the fibre composition of the intercostal muscles?
Why is this important?

A

Intercostal muscles are 60% slow twitch fibres, so are better adapted for aerobic and long-endurance activity.
Important as we must continue breathing even when we are tired.

34
Q

What is the detailed arterial supply to the intercostal muscles?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries:
1,2 - supreme intercostal artery
3-11 - thoracic aorta
Anterior intercostal arteries
1,6 direct branches from the internal thoracic
7-11 - musculophrenic artery.

35
Q

What does the intercostal veins drain into?

A

Azygous vein (posterior)
Internal thoracic vein (anterior)

36
Q

What are the attachments of the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm muscle fibres combine to form a central tendon on the superior surface, this forms a fibrous attachment to the pericardium.
The diaphragm also has three peripheral attachments:
Xiphoid process
Costal margins and ribs 11/12
Posterior abdominal wall by arcuate ligaments
Lumbar vertebrae.

37
Q

What are the arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm?

A

Lateral
Medial
Median
Bilateral structure
Attach the diaphragm to the posterior abdominal wall.

38
Q

What is meant by the crus of the diaphragm?

A

Has a right and left crus, fibrous/tendonous extensions to attach the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae.
Right crus is longer and anchors down the L3
Left crus is shorter and anchors down to L2.

39
Q

What is the fibrous and vascular structure of the diaphragm like related to its function?

A

60% slow twitch muscle fibres - for aerobic respiration and endurance
Higher oxidative capacity (more efficient oxygen use) and larger blood flow.

40
Q

What is the non-respiratory function of the diaphragm?

A

Seperates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Increases intra-abdominal pressure
Prevents acid reflux by ecerting pressure on the oesophagus as it passes through the oesophageal hiatus.

40
Q

What passes through the different diaphragmatic openings?

A

T8 - caval opening - inferior vena cava, right phrenic nerve
T10 - oesophageal hiatus, oesophagus and its blood vessels, vagal trunk.
T12 - aortic hiatus - aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein.

41
Q

Explain the more detailed innervation of the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerves (C3, C4, C5 keep the diaphragm alive) are all motor nerves
The right phrenic nerve passes through the caval opening.
The left phrenic nerve passes directly through the diaphragm
The marginal part is innervated by spinal nerves T6-T12 (sensory nerves)
Crura are innervated by spinal nerves from T12.

42
Q

How is the respiratory system divided into the upper and lower respiratory system?

A

Upper - nose, pharynx (above sternal angle)
Lower - larynx and trachea onwards (below the sternal angle)

43
Q

What section of the bronchi passes through the hilum?

A

The primary bronchus.

44
Q

What is meant by a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

A section of the lung tissue supplied by one segmental or tertiary bronchi. And has its own vasculature.

45
Q

How do the bronchioles change with each division?

A

Approximately 13 divisions
With each division there is less cartilage and more smooth muscle.

46
Q

What is included in the respiratory airway?

A

The respiratory bronchioles
The alveolar ducts
The alveolar sacs.

47
Q

What are some features of the terminal bronchioles?

A

Clara cells
Fewer goblet cells
No cartilage, more smooth muscle.

48
Q

What are the different lung impressions and where are they found?

A

Left lung - cardiac impression and aorta impression
Right lung - azygous vein

49
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

An extension of the pleura inferiorly down from the hilum.

50
Q

Do the pulmonary vessels supply the lungs?

A

No
They travel to and from the lungs, simply with the function to oxygenate blood.

51
Q

Roughly where is the horizontal fissure and the oblique fissure on the right/left lungs?

A

Horizontal fissure is found only on the right lung roughly in line with rib four.
The oblique fissure travels roughly from rib six at the mid clavicular line upwards and laterally to level with rib four in the mid axillary line.

52
Q

How do lungs on a posterior view vary from lungs on an anterior view?

A

Only see the superior and inferior lobes on both lungs.
Oblique fissure runs roughy superior medially from level rib 6 to rib 5 medially.

53
Q

What could extra fluid or air within the pleura indicate?

A

Fluid = infection
Air = pneumothorax

54
Q

What is a haemothorax?

A

Blood in the pleural cavity

55
Q

What is an empyema?

A

Pus collecting within a body cavity

56
Q

What is a chylothorax?

A

Lymph collecting within a body cavity.

57
Q

What might a penumothorax look like on a CT scan?

A

Black, air filled space. In the thoracic cavity

58
Q

Why is lymphatic drainage important inside the lungs?

A

Accumulation of fluid around the alveoli can impede their ability to take part in gas exchange.
Lympathic drainage helps remove this fluid increases the efficiency of gas exchange.

59
Q

What is lymphatic drainage of the left lung like after draining into the paratracheal lymph nodes?

A

Drains into the left bronchomediastinal duct
The thoracic duct
The left subclavian vein

60
Q

What is lymphatic drainage like for the right lung after the paratracheal lymph nodes?

A

The right bronchomediastinal duct
The right subclavian vein.

61
Q

Where are anastamoses in lymph drainage in the lung?
Why is this important?

A

Important for cancer metastasis between the lungs.
Anastomoses are between the deep and superficial plexus, then also between the left and right lung.

62
Q

Describe the innervation of the lungs.

A

Innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.
Parasympathetic is by the left and right vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)
The sympathetic is from the sympathetic trunk.
These form two plexuses, the anterior pulmonary plexus and the posterior pulmonary plexus. PPP - found on anterior surface of the oesophagus.

Anatomy class (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions