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Anatomy class > Unit 10: The Neck A > Flashcards

Unit 10: The Neck A Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two uniquely named cervical vertebrae?

A

Atlas (first cervical vertebrae)
Axis (Second cervical vertebrae)

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2
Q

What three features distinguish cervical vertebrae from other vertebrae?

A

Trigingular vertebral foramen
Bifid spinous process
Transverse foramina

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3
Q

What are the unique features of atlas (c1)?

A

Articulates with the occiput of the head and axis
No vertebrael body and no spinous process
Lateral masses which are connected by an anterior and posterior arch
Each lateral mass has a superior and an inferior articular facet.

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4
Q

What are the features of the anterior arch of the atlas?

A

Has a facet for articulation with the dens of the axis.

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5
Q

What is the role of the transverse ligament of the atlas?

A

Secures the attachment of the dens (c2) to the articular facet in the anterior arch of c1.

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6
Q

What are the features of the posterior arch of the atlas?

A

Has a groove for the vertebral artery and C1 spinal nerve.

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7
Q

What are the identifiable features of the axis (c2)?

A

Dens or odnotoid process
Superior articular facets

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8
Q

What is the lateral atlanto-axial joints?

A

Are two in total
Made from the joining of the superior articular facets of C2 and the inferior articular facets on the lateral mass of c1

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9
Q

What makes up the medial atlanto-axial joint and what is its function?

A

The dens on C2 into the articular facet in the anterior arch of the atlas.
Allows for rotation of the head independently of the torso

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10
Q

What features that other cervical vertebrae have does C1 lack?

A

Vertebral body
Vertebral arch (hence no spinous process)

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11
Q

What joints join vertebral bodies throughout the vertebral column?

A

Intervertebral discs - made of fibrocartilage
Known as a symphysis (type of cartilaginous joint)

Vertebral arch - synovial joint type between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

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12
Q

What classification of joint is the lateral atlanto-axial joint?

A

Plane type synovial joint

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13
Q

What classification of joint is the medial atlanto-axial joint?

A

Pivot type synovial joint

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14
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint?
What is its function?

A

Occur between the superior facets of the lateral massess of the atlas and the occipital condyles at the base of the cranium

Permit flexion at the head - e.g nodding

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15
Q

What classification of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Condyloid type synovial joint

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16
Q

What ligaments are found throughout the entire vertebral column?

A

Posterior longitudinal
Anterior longitudinal
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament

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17
Q

Identify the ligaments shown in the image

A

Red and purple - anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament
Blue - ligamentum flavum
Green - interspinal
Yellow - nuchal ligament in cervical, continuous with the supraspinous through out the rest of the spinal cors

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18
Q

What ligaments are unique to the cervical spinal section of the spinal cord?

A

Transverse ligament of atlas
Nuchal ligament

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19
Q

What is the function of the nuchal ligament?

A

Continuous with the surpraspinous ligament
Attaches with the tips of spinous process of C1 to c7
Provides proximal attachment for the rhomboid and trapexius
Limits forward flection of the head and the cervical spine

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20
Q

What is the function of the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebrae?

A

Passageway for the vertebral artery, vein and sympathetic nerves

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21
Q

What structures pass out of the intervertebral foramen?

A

Spinal nerves

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22
Q

What are the anomalous anatomical relationships of C7 compared to other cervical vertebrae?

A

Has a set of spinal nerves originating above and below the the transverse formina (in the intervertebral foramina)

Vertebral artery does not pass through the transverse foramina, rather it passes anterior to it

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23
Q

Why is C7 easy to identify grossly?

A

Large non bifid spinous process can be palpated on the posterior aspect of the neck

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24
Q

How many spinal nerves are associated with the cervical vertebrae?

A

8
Originate superior to vertebrae
C7 - one superior and inferior to vertebrae.

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25
What is jefferson fracture of the atlas?
Vertical fall onto an extend neck e,g diving into a shallow pool Compress the lateral masses of atlas - fracture the anterior and posterior arches If excessive force can also rapture the transverse ligament of he atlas Unlikley to damage spinal cord at C1 level due to large foramen but damage may occur later down
26
What is the clincal significance of a hyperextension/whiplash injury?
Damage to the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine - acutely painful Fracutes to C vertebrae are suddenly compressed - little change of spinal cord damage due to large foramina Anterior dislocation at C2 - spinal cord injury causing death or quadriplegia dislocation at the C6 and C7 level
27
What is hangman's fracture?
Fracute of pars interarticularis (bony column joining superior and inferior articular facets of the axis) Occurs due to high velocity hyperextension and distraction of the head Often lethal as force or fracture fragments damage the spinal cord Deep unconsciousness, respiratory failure and cardiac failure
28
Why is fracture of the dens important clinically?
Unstable and high risk of avascular necrosis Distal segment isolated from blood supply Small risk of spinal cord involvement.
29
What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck>
THe inferior border of the mandible The midline from the sternum to the mandible The anterior border of the sternocladomastoid
30
What forms the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
The posterior boundary of the sternocleidomastoid The middle 1/3 of the clavicle The descending part of the trapezius
31
What groups of muscles make up the anterior triangle of the neck?
The suprahyoid muscles The infrhyoid muscles (strap muscles)
32
What are the two division of the infrahyoid muscles?
The superficial and the deep infrahydoid muscles
33
What makes up the superficial infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid muscles Superior belly of omohyoid muscle
34
What is unique about the structure of the oohyoid muscle?
Superior belly runs superior to the clavicle Inferior belly runs posterior to the clavice Are connected by a fascial slingover a ligament intersection to the clavicle
35
What muscles are part of the deep infrahyoid muscles?
Sternothyroid muscle Thyrohyoid muscle
36
What innervates the infrahyoid muscles?
Ansa cervicalis (unification of anterior rami of C1,2,3) - loop of muscles close internal jugular vein Exception - thyohyoid innervated by anterior rami of C1 carried by the hypoglossal nerve
37
What is the main action of the inferohyoid muscles?
Depress the hyoid bone
38
What are the additional function of the sternothyroid muscle?
As an infrahyoid will depress the hyoid Also depress the thyroid cartilage/larynx
39
What are the additional function of the thyrodhyoid muscle?
As an infrahyoid will depress the hyoid Will also elevate the thyroid cartilage
40
Describe the realtionship between the posterior and anterior belly of the digastric muscle?
Connected by a tendonous intersection that links to the hyoid bone by a ligament sling
41
What is the carotid bifurcation?
Occurs at vertebral level C3 to C4 Where the common carotid splits into the external and internal carotid artery
42
How can you differentiate between the internal and external carotid?
INternal - directly into cranial vault External - more anterior, more division starting almost immediatly
43
What are the different devisions of the external carotid artery staring inferiorly?
(ascending) Pharnygeal artery Superior thyroid artery Lingual artery Facial artery Occipital arterty Posterior auricular artery Terminal branches: Maxillary artery Superificial temporal arterty Anatomists sometimes like freaking out poor medical students
44
What are the key features of the facial artery?
Close association with the submandibular gland Torous route
45
What is the role of the internal jugular vein?
Drain the cranial valut
46
What is found within the carotid sheat?
This is a layer of fascia surrounding the common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve
47
What makes up the muscular floor of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Scalenes (anterior, medius and posterior) muscles Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle Levator scapular muscle splenious capitus muscle
48
What neurovasculature is found within the posterior triangle of the neck?
Superior trunk of the brachial plexus Accessory nerve
49
FUnction of the accessory nerve
Innervates sternocladomoistoid and the trapezium
50
Where does the superior trunk of the brachial plexus be found?
In the posterior triangle of the neck Between the anterior and medius scalene muscle
51
What is the function of the brachial plexus?
Innervates the upper limb
52
Describe the location of the subclavian vein and artery
Vein - pass anteriorly to the anterior scalene muscle and posterior to the sternocaldomastoid Artery - between the anterior and middle scalene muscle
53
What are the two divisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Infrahyoid Suprahyoid
54
What are the division of the suprahyoid portion of the anterior triangle? What is the boundary between these regions?
The submandibular and The submental compartment Seperated by the digastric muscle, with the submental being inferior to the anterior belly of digastric
55
What are the divisions of the infrahyoid portion of the anterior triangle? What separates these two portions?
The carotid triangle and the muscular triangle Separated by the omohyoid muscle With the carotid triangle being the most superior
56
What is the origin an dinsertion of the sternohyoid bone?
Origin: posterior sternuocalvicular joint and manubraium Insertion: Body of hyoid bone, medial to omohyoid
57
What is the function of sternohyoid?
Depress the hyoid bone after swallowing
58
What is the origin and insertion of the omohyoid?
Origin: superior border of the scapular medial to suprascapular notch Insertion: lower body of the hyoid bone, just later to sternohyoid
59
What is the function of the omohyoid muscle?
Depress and fixes hyoid bone
60
What is the origin and insertion of the thyrohyoid muscle?
Origin: Oblique line on the lamina of thyroid cartilage Insertion: Greater horn of hyoid bone
61
What is the origin and insertion of the sternothyroid?
Origin: Posterior surface of manubrium Insertion: Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage
62
Lable the following image.
1. Anterior belly of digastric 2. Submental triangle 3. Hyoid bone 4. Muscular triangle 5. Superior belly of omohyoid muscle 6. trapezius muscle 7. Posterior triangle 8. Carotid triangle 9. Sternocladmastoid 10. Posterior belly of digastric muscle 11. Stylohyoid muscle 12. Submandibular triangle
63
What forms the roof od the posterior triangle in the neck?
The cervical investing fascia (multiple layers, sometimes conintuous but surrounds all sides of muscle) and skin
64
What are the two divisions of the posterior triangle of the neck? What separates them?
The occipital triangle (most superior) The subclavicular triangle (most inferior) Seperated by the omohyoid triangle
65
What is the contents of the subcalvicualr triangle?
THe brahcial plexus The subclavian vein The subclavian artery The phrenic nerve
66
Describe the location of the prhenic nerve in the posterior trnaigle of the neck.
In the subclavicular triangle Runs vertically anteriorly over the anterior scalene muscle
67
What is the contents of the occipital triangle?
The accessory nerve (CN XI) Enters the triangle through the sternocladomastoid and disappear deep to the trapezius
68
What muscles does the accessory nerve innervate?
Sternocladomastoid Trapezius
69
What are the two different parts of the sternocaldomastoid muscle?
The sternal head The clavicular head
70
What is the superior point of the posterior triangle of the neck?
The superior nuchal line of the occipital protuberance
71
What is the function of the splenus capitus muscle
Extend the neck Rotate and some lateral movement of the head.
72
What are the key branches of the cervical plexus?
C1-C4 The phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) Anterior rami of C1,2,3 join to form ana cervicalis which innervates the infrahyoid muscles C1 via the hypoglossal nerve - geniohyoid and thyrohyoid
73
What is the clinical significant of the subclavian vein?
Used for administering a central line - in acutely ill patients May also be delivered via the jugular vein.
74
What is the function os sternocladomastoid?
Flexes and laterally flexes neck, rotates head
75
Describe the passage of the vertebral artery near the cervical vertebrae? What is the clinical significance of this?
Traves through the transverse foramina of the C6-C1 At atlas can't travel more superior, travels posteriorly in a groove in the posterior arch of atlas, then travels medially and superiorly into the foramen magnum S-shape is a risk for blood clots and haemorrhage
76
What attaches to the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae?
Muscles including the scalene muscle and the spinous capitus muscle
77
What is the important content of the carotid triangle?
The common carotid artery The internal jugular vein The hypoglossal nerve The vagus nerve extra
78
Where is the external jugular vein located why is this important clinically?
Lacted on teh surface of the sternocaldmoiastoid Sometimes is considered to be on the lateral border of sternocladlomastoid and includes in the posterior triangle of the neck Important as very superficial so is easily damaged by knife crime tic.
79
What structures are found int eh submandibular triangle?
THe facial artery/vein The submandibular gland extra
80
What is contained within the muscular triangle of the neck?
Infrahyoid muscles Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Pharyxn extra
81
Label the image
Anterior belly of diagastric Mylohyoid muscle Hyoid bone Posterior belly of digastric muscle Stylohyoid muscle Mastoid process Styloid process
82
Label the image
Mylohyoid geniohyoid Anterior belly of digastric muscle Stylohyoid muscle Posterior belly of digastric muscle
83
label the image
Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Omohyoid muscle Cricoid cartilage Sternohyoid muscle Sternothyroid muscle Common carotid artery Thyrohyoid muscle Internal jugular vein
84
Label the image
Hyoid bone Superior belly of omohyoid muscle Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle Trapezius muscle Subclavian triangle Occipital triangle Sternocleidomastoid
85
Label the muscles in the posterior triangle of the neck
Sternocleidomastoid Anterior scalenes muscles Middle scanles muscle Clavicale Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle Acromion of scapular (low focus) Trapezius muscle Posterior scalene muscle Levator scapulae muscle Splenius capitis muscle
86
What muscle is shown in the image?
Sternothyroid muscle
87
What muscle is shown in the image?
Thyrohyoid
88
What muscle is shown in the image?
Sternohyoid
89
What muscle is shown in the image?
Inferior nelly of omohyoid
90
What muscle is shown in the image?
Superior belly of omohyoid
91
What muscle is shown in the image?
Trapezius
92
What muscle is shown in the image?
Anterior scalenes muscle
93
What muscle is shown in the image?
Posterior scales muscle
94
What muscle is shown in the image?
Middle scalene muscle
95
What muscle is shown in the image?
Levator scapulae
96
What muscle is found in the image?
Splenius capitis
97
What features of the hyoid bone is highlighted?
Tubercule of hyoid bone
98
What features is highlighted in pink?
Posterior arch of atals
99
What features is highlighted in pink?
Anterior arch of atlas
100
Identify the green and red holes
Green - vertebral foramen Red holes - transverse foramen
101
What features is highlighted in pink? What features is it associated with?
The lateral mass of atlas Associated with the superior and inferior articular process of Atalas
102
Identify A B and C
A anterior articular facet of dens B dens C posterior articular facet of dens
103
Transverse ligament of Atlas

Anatomy class (42 decks)

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