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Anatomy and Physiology I > Unit III: The Nervous System (Spine, Nerves and Reflexes) > Flashcards

Unit III: The Nervous System (Spine, Nerves and Reflexes) Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begins at the base of the brain and goes down to T12.

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2
Q

Cervical and Lumbosacral enlargements

A

Cervical supplies to the shoulder and upper limbs.
Lumbosacral innervates structures of the pelvis and lower limbs.

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3
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Lower end of the spinal cord tappers off around the lumbar vertebrae. Between L1 and L2.

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4
Q

Causa Equina (L2 to S5)

A

A bundle of nerves at the end of the spinal cord that resembles a horse’s tail.

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5
Q

Meninges of the Spinal Cord

A

Protection of the spinal cord (similar to the brain). Specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord, provide the necessary physical stability and shock absorption.

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6
Q

Epidural Space

A

Adipose tissue between vertebra and dura mater

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7
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid between the arachnoid membrane and the outer surface of the pia mater.

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8
Q

Spinal Tap/Lumbar Puncture

A

The withdrawal of CSF with the insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region.

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9
Q

Gray Matter in the Spinal Cord

A

Mostly cell bodies, the butterfly shape in the middle of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

Posterior (dorsal horns)

A

Interneurons are found here

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11
Q

Anterior (ventral) horns

A

Cell bodies of motor neurons

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12
Q

Lateral horns

A

Sympathetic neurons

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13
Q

What runs through the central canal?

A

CSF

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14
Q

Posterior (dorsal) root

A

brings sensory information into the spinal cord.

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15
Q

Anterior (ventral) root

A

Axons of motor neurons that extend into the peripheral to control somatic and visceral effectors

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16
Q

What are the function of the spinal nerves?

A

Allow communication with the peripheral organs.

posterior and anterior roots fuse into a spinal nerve

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17
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of axons in the CNS that is somewhat uniform in diameter, myelination, and propagation speed.

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18
Q

Ascending Tracts

A

Carry sensory information toward the brain.

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19
Q

Descending Tracts

A

Convey motor commands to the spinal cord.

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20
Q

How many columns can white matter be divided in?

A
  1. posterior, anterior and lateral.
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21
Q

Posterior Column

A

Between the posteior horns and median sulcus.
Ascending Tracts

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22
Q

Anterior Tract

A

Between the anterior horn and anterior median fissure.
Ascending and descending*

23
Q

Lateral Column

A

Between the anterior and posterior columns on each side.
**Ascending and descending. **

24
Q

How many pair of spinal nerves are there?

A

31.

25
Q

Do sensory nerve fibers enter the ventral side of the dorsal side of the spinal cord?

A

Sensory nerve fibers enter the dorsal side of the spinal cord (afferent)

26
Q

Do motor nerves leave from the ventral or dorsal side of the spinal cord?

A

Motor nerves leave from the ventral side (efferent)

27
Q

Posterior (dorsal) rami

A

Serve the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk.

28
Q

Anterior (Ventral) Rami

A

T2-T12 forms intercostal nerves- serve muscles between the ribs, skin, and muscles of the anterior and lateral trunk.

29
Q

Cervical Plexus C1-C5

A

Serves the diaphragm and muscles of the shoulder and neck.
Phrenic Nerve

30
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

The major nerve of the cervical plexus, supplies the diaphragm, a key breathing muscle.

If damaged this can result in death due to respiratory paralysis.

31
Q

Brachial Plexus (C5-C8 and T1)

A

Nerves that innervate the upper limb and pectoral girdle.
Axillary, radial, median, ulnar.

32
Q

What results from radial nerve damage?

A

Wrist drop or inability to extend hand at the wrist.

33
Q

What results from median nerve damage?

A

Inability to pick up small objects.

34
Q

What results from ulnar nerve damage?

A

Claw hand or inability to spread fingers apart.

35
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

L1-L4
Major nerves, femoral, and obturator

36
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

L4-S4
Sciatic nerve
Tibial and common fibular (peroneal)

37
Q

What results from tibial and common fibular damage?

A

Inability to extend the hip and flex the knee.
Sciatica

38
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Area of the skin is innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve.
All spinal nerves expect C1

39
Q

What is the clinical importance of dermatomes?

A

Damage or infection.
Shingles!

40
Q

What are reflexes?

A

They are rapid, predictable motor responses to a stimulus.

41
Q

How are reflexes classified?

A

Innate vs. Acquired
Response
Complexity of circuit
Processing site.

42
Q

Innate vs. Acquired

A

innate- genetically determined
Acquired- with time, these reflexes are learned.

43
Q

monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic

A

mono- one synapse
poly- more than two synapses

44
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Direct route from a sensory neuron to an interneuron to an effector

45
Q

What are the five components of a reflex?

A

Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

46
Q

What type of reflex in the plantar reflex?

A

Monosynaptic

47
Q

Babindki’s Sign

A

Abnormal plantar reflex where the great toe dorsiflexes (flexes upward) and the smaller toes fan laterally.

48
Q

Paralysis

A

Loss of motor function

49
Q

Flaccid Paralysis

A

Severe damage to the ventral root.
Motor nerve impulses do not reach muscles.
NO VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT POSSIBLE.
Muscles begin to atrophy

50
Q

Spastic Paralysis

A

Occurs when the spinal cord is cut crosswise (transected) or crushed.
Affected muscles stay healthy because they are still stimulated by reflex arcs and movement occurs.
Movements are involuntary.

51
Q

Paraplegia

A

Transaction between T1 and L1.
only legs are affected

52
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Transaction just below C5
All limbs are affected

53
Q

Death

A

Transaction above C3
Respiratory paralysis
Phrenic Nerve!!!!

54
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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