Chapter 6: Bones

Question 1

What are the parts of the skeleton?

Answer 1

Bones
Ligaments
Cartilages
Joints

Question 2

Skeletal cartilage contains no…

Answer 2

Blood vessels or nerves

Question 3

What are the three types of skeletal cartilage?

Answer 3

Hyaline
Elastic
Fribrocartilage

Question 4

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Answer 4

Articular
Costal
Respiratory
Nasal

Question 5

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Answer 5

External ear and epiglottis

Question 6

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

Answer 6

Menisci of the knee
Intervertebral disc
Pubic symphysis

Question 7

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 7

Support
Protection
Movement
Storage- of calcium and phosphate ions and lipids in yellow marrow.
Formation- red/white blood cells and other blood elements
Leverage

Question 8

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Answer 8

Compact and spongy bone

Question 9

Sesamoid bones

Answer 9

Small and flat. Embedded within a tendon near a joint.
Example: patella

Question 10

Process

Answer 10

Projection or bump

Question 11

Ramus

Answer 11

Part of a bone that forms an a ver with the rest of the structure.

Question 12

Fissure

Answer 12

Deep furrow cleft or slit

Question 13

Meatus

Answer 13

Passage or channel especially the opening of a canal.

Question 14

Fossa

Answer 14

A shallow depression

Question 15

What does red bone marrow make?

Answer 15

Forms blood cells

Question 16

What does yellow bone marrow do?

Answer 16

Stores adipose tissue, it it’s important as an energy reserve.

Question 17

Diaphysis

Answer 17

Extended tubular shaft

Question 18

Epiphysis

Answer 18

Expanded are at the end.

Question 19

Metaphysis

Answer 19

Where the diaphysis is connects to epiphysis. (Narrow zone)

Question 20

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 20

Called in childhood

Question 21

Epiphyseal line

Answer 21

Called in adulthood

Question 22

What does the periosteum do?

Answer 22

Isolates the bone from the surrounding tissues.
Provides a route for the blood vessels and nerves.
Takes part in bone growth repair.

Question 23

Function of perforating fibers

Answer 23

Collagen fibers connect the periosteum to the bone.

Question 24

Medullary cavity

Answer 24

In the middle of the long bones; contains yellow and red bone marrow.

Question 25

Endosteum

Answer 25

An incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity.

Question 26

Where is compact bone located in the long bones?

Answer 26

Found in the wall of the diaphysis.
Forms a sturdy protective layer that surrounds a central space.

Question 27

Where is spongy bone located?

Answer 27

It is found in the epiphyses

Question 28

What kind of tissue is bone?

Answer 28

Supporting connective tissue

Question 29

What does the matrix of the bone consist of?

Answer 29

Minerals- calcium phosphate reacts with hydroxide to form hydroxyapatite. 2/3 of the matrix.
Proteins- collagen 1/3 of the matrix.
Also contains specialized cells.

Question 30

What are the four types of bone cells?

Answer 30

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclast.

Question 31

Function and location of osteogenic cells

Answer 31

Stem cells divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
Important in repair of a fracture.

Location? Endosteum and inner cellular layer of periosteum.

Question 32

Function and location of osteoblast

Answer 32

Immature bone cells that produces new bone matrix (osteogenesis or ossification)
Makes and releases the proteins and other organic components of the matrix.
When calcium is incorporated then it turns solid.
Location periosteum

Osteoblast turn into osteocytes.

Question 33

Function and location of osteocytes

Answer 33

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and take part in the repair of damaged bones.
location lacuna (in compact bone)
Do not divide

Question 34

Function of canaliculi

Answer 34

Narrow passage ways that radiate through the matrix. Supporting cell to cell communication between osteocytes and access to nutrients supplies by blood vessels in the central canal.

Question 35

Function and location of osteoclast

Answer 35

Cells that absorb and remove bone matrix.
multinucleate and giant
Activated when we need to change bone shape or when we need calcium in our blood from medullary cavity.

Location small depressions called howship lacunae or osteoclastic crypts

Question 36

Homeostasis in the bone

Answer 36

Bone building (osteoblast) and bone recycling (osteoclast) must balance.

Question 37

What are the structures of compact bone?

Answer 37

Osteon
Central canal
Perforating fibers
Lacunae
Lamallae
Canaliculi

Question 38

Functions of perforating fibers

Answer 38

Extend perpendicular to the surface. Blood vessels in the canal supply blood with both to osteons deeper in the bone and tissues of the medullary cavity.
Passageways in the matrix

Question 39

Periosteum
Composition, location, and function

Answer 39

Outer, fibrous layer (collagen fibers anchos bone to tendon, ligaments and joints)
Has an inner cellular layer.
Contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclast.
active in bone growth

Question 40

Endosteum

Answer 40

Incomplete cellular layer.
Lines the medullary (marrow) cavity
Convers trabeculae of spongy bone
Active during bone growth, repair and remodeling

Question 41

Structure of spongy bone

Answer 41

Lamallae are not arranged in osteons.
No osteons are present.
Less dense and reduces weight of skeleton.
No capillaries or venules
Trabeculae

Question 42

What is trabeculae?

Answer 42

A mesh work of supporting bundles of fibers.

Question 43

Location of spongy bone

Answer 43

Found mostly on the epiphysis of the long bones.
Where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses originate from many directions.