Chapter 6: Bones Flashcards
What are the parts of the skeleton?
Bones
Ligaments
Cartilages
Joints
Skeletal cartilage contains no…
Blood vessels or nerves
What are the three types of skeletal cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fribrocartilage
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Articular
Costal
Respiratory
Nasal
Where is elastic cartilage found?
External ear and epiglottis
Where can you find fibrocartilage?
Menisci of the knee
Intervertebral disc
Pubic symphysis
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage- of calcium and phosphate ions and lipids in yellow marrow.
Formation- red/white blood cells and other blood elements
Leverage
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact and spongy bone
Sesamoid bones
Small and flat. Embedded within a tendon near a joint.
Example: patella
Process
Projection or bump
Ramus
Part of a bone that forms an a ver with the rest of the structure.
Fissure
Deep furrow cleft or slit
Meatus
Passage or channel especially the opening of a canal.
Fossa
A shallow depression
What does red bone marrow make?
Forms blood cells
What does yellow bone marrow do?
Stores adipose tissue, it it’s important as an energy reserve.
Diaphysis
Extended tubular shaft
Epiphysis
Expanded are at the end.
Metaphysis
Where the diaphysis is connects to epiphysis. (Narrow zone)
Epiphyseal plate
Called in childhood
Epiphyseal line
Called in adulthood
What does the periosteum do?
Isolates the bone from the surrounding tissues.
Provides a route for the blood vessels and nerves.
Takes part in bone growth repair.
Function of perforating fibers
Collagen fibers connect the periosteum to the bone.
Medullary cavity
In the middle of the long bones; contains yellow and red bone marrow.
Endosteum
An incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity.
Where is compact bone located in the long bones?
Found in the wall of the diaphysis.
Forms a sturdy protective layer that surrounds a central space.
Where is spongy bone located?
It is found in the epiphyses
What kind of tissue is bone?
Supporting connective tissue
What does the matrix of the bone consist of?
Minerals- calcium phosphate reacts with hydroxide to form hydroxyapatite. 2/3 of the matrix.
Proteins- collagen 1/3 of the matrix.
Also contains specialized cells.
What are the four types of bone cells?
Osteogenic cells
Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclast.
Function and location of osteogenic cells
Stem cells divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
Important in repair of a fracture.
Location? Endosteum and inner cellular layer of periosteum.
Function and location of osteoblast
Immature bone cells that produces new bone matrix (osteogenesis or ossification)
Makes and releases the proteins and other organic components of the matrix.
When calcium is incorporated then it turns solid.
Location periosteum
Osteoblast turn into osteocytes.
Function and location of osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and take part in the repair of damaged bones.
location lacuna (in compact bone)
Do not divide
Function of canaliculi
Narrow passage ways that radiate through the matrix. Supporting cell to cell communication between osteocytes and access to nutrients supplies by blood vessels in the central canal.
Function and location of osteoclast
Cells that absorb and remove bone matrix.
multinucleate and giant
Activated when we need to change bone shape or when we need calcium in our blood from medullary cavity.
Location small depressions called howship lacunae or osteoclastic crypts
Homeostasis in the bone
Bone building (osteoblast) and bone recycling (osteoclast) must balance.
What are the structures of compact bone?
Osteon
Central canal
Perforating fibers
Lacunae
Lamallae
Canaliculi
Functions of perforating fibers
Extend perpendicular to the surface. Blood vessels in the canal supply blood with both to osteons deeper in the bone and tissues of the medullary cavity.
Passageways in the matrix
Periosteum
Composition, location, and function
Outer, fibrous layer (collagen fibers anchos bone to tendon, ligaments and joints)
Has an inner cellular layer.
Contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclast.
active in bone growth
Endosteum
Incomplete cellular layer.
Lines the medullary (marrow) cavity
Convers trabeculae of spongy bone
Active during bone growth, repair and remodeling
Structure of spongy bone
Lamallae are not arranged in osteons.
No osteons are present.
Less dense and reduces weight of skeleton.
No capillaries or venules
Trabeculae
What is trabeculae?
A mesh work of supporting bundles of fibers.
Location of spongy bone
Found mostly on the epiphysis of the long bones.
Where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses originate from many directions.
