Chapter 6: Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the skeleton?

A

Bones
Ligaments
Cartilages
Joints

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2
Q

Skeletal cartilage contains no…

A

Blood vessels or nerves

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3
Q

What are the three types of skeletal cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fribrocartilage

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4
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Articular
Costal
Respiratory
Nasal

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5
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear and epiglottis

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6
Q

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

A

Menisci of the knee
Intervertebral disc
Pubic symphysis

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7
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Storage- of calcium and phosphate ions and lipids in yellow marrow.
Formation- red/white blood cells and other blood elements
Leverage

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8
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact and spongy bone

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9
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small and flat. Embedded within a tendon near a joint.
Example: patella

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10
Q

Process

A

Projection or bump

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11
Q

Ramus

A

Part of a bone that forms an a ver with the rest of the structure.

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12
Q

Fissure

A

Deep furrow cleft or slit

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13
Q

Meatus

A

Passage or channel especially the opening of a canal.

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14
Q

Fossa

A

A shallow depression

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15
Q

What does red bone marrow make?

A

Forms blood cells

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16
Q

What does yellow bone marrow do?

A

Stores adipose tissue, it it’s important as an energy reserve.

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17
Q

Diaphysis

A

Extended tubular shaft

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18
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded are at the end.

19
Q

Metaphysis

A

Where the diaphysis is connects to epiphysis. (Narrow zone)

20
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Called in childhood

21
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Called in adulthood

22
Q

What does the periosteum do?

A

Isolates the bone from the surrounding tissues.
Provides a route for the blood vessels and nerves.
Takes part in bone growth repair.

23
Q

Function of perforating fibers

A

Collagen fibers connect the periosteum to the bone.

24
Q

Medullary cavity

A

In the middle of the long bones; contains yellow and red bone marrow.

25
Endosteum
An incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity.
26
Where is compact bone located in the long bones?
Found in the wall of the diaphysis. Forms a sturdy protective layer that surrounds a central space.
27
Where is spongy bone located?
It is found in the epiphyses
28
What kind of tissue is bone?
Supporting connective tissue
29
What does the matrix of the bone consist of?
Minerals- calcium phosphate reacts with hydroxide to form hydroxyapatite. 2/3 of the matrix. Proteins- collagen 1/3 of the matrix. Also contains specialized cells.
30
What are the four types of bone cells?
Osteogenic cells Osteoblast Osteocytes Osteoclast.
31
Function and location of osteogenic cells
Stem cells divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts. Important in repair of a fracture. Location? Endosteum and inner cellular layer of periosteum.
32
Function and location of osteoblast
Immature bone cells that produces new bone matrix (osteogenesis or ossification) Makes and releases the proteins and other organic components of the matrix. When calcium is incorporated then it turns solid. **Location** periosteum Osteoblast turn into osteocytes.
33
Function and location of osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and take part in the repair of damaged bones. **location** lacuna (in compact bone) **Do not divide**
34
Function of canaliculi
Narrow passage ways that radiate through the matrix. Supporting cell to cell communication between osteocytes and access to nutrients supplies by blood vessels in the central canal.
35
Function and location of osteoclast
Cells that absorb and remove bone matrix. **multinucleate and giant** Activated when we need to change bone shape or when we need calcium in our blood from medullary cavity. **Location** small depressions called howship lacunae or osteoclastic crypts
36
Homeostasis in the bone
Bone building (osteoblast) and bone recycling (osteoclast) must balance.
37
What are the structures of compact bone?
Osteon Central canal Perforating fibers Lacunae Lamallae Canaliculi
38
Functions of perforating fibers
Extend perpendicular to the surface. Blood vessels in the canal supply blood with both to osteons deeper in the bone and tissues of the medullary cavity. Passageways in the matrix
39
Periosteum Composition, location, and function
Outer, fibrous layer (collagen fibers anchos bone to tendon, ligaments and joints) Has an inner cellular layer. Contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclast. **active in bone growth**
40
Endosteum
Incomplete cellular layer. Lines the medullary (marrow) cavity Convers trabeculae of spongy bone **Active during bone growth, repair and remodeling**
41
Structure of spongy bone
Lamallae are not arranged in osteons. No osteons are present. Less dense and reduces weight of skeleton. No capillaries or venules Trabeculae
42
What is trabeculae?
A mesh work of supporting bundles of fibers.
43
Location of spongy bone
Found mostly on the epiphysis of the long bones. Where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses originate from many directions.