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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 5: Integumentary System Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hair production

A

Begins at the base of the hair follicle, deep in the dermis.
Hair papilla contains capillaries and nerves
Hair bulb and papilla produces a hair matrix.
A layer of dividing cells, produces hair structure and pushes hair out of the skin.

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2
Q

hair matrix

A

layer of epithelial cells at the base of the hair bulb in contact with the hair papilla

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3
Q

Medulla

A

Is the center of the hair that contains soft keratin

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4
Q

Cortex

A

Contain layers of hard keratin (surrounding the medulla)

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5
Q

Cuticle

A

Thin and tough and contains hard keratin. (surrounding cortex)

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6
Q

External root sheath

A

Extends from the skin surface to the hair matrix.

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7
Q

New hair growth cycle

A

The follicle becomes active
Produces new hair
Club hair is shed

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8
Q

Club hair

A

not growing
Attached to an inactive follicle.

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9
Q

Hair color- where are melanocytes located?

A

Produced by melanocytes in the HAIR PAPILLA (Hair matrix)
Hair color is determined by genes

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10
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Oil glands
They are holocine glands.
They discharge an oily lipid secretion into hair follicles by the rupture of secretory cells.
Gland cells produce large quantities of sebum (lipids)

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11
Q

Sebum

A

Oily lipids
Protect and lubricates the epidermis
Inhibits bacteria

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12
Q

How is the secretions of sebum stimulated?

A

It is stimulated by hormones which are inactive in childhood and activated in puberty.

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13
Q

Seborrhea

A

Fast growing sebum
Over-active sebaceous glandsW

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14
Q

Whitehead

A

Sebaceous gland duct blocked by accumulated sebum

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15
Q

Blackhead

A

Sebum in the whitehead dries up and is oxidized.

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16
Q

Acne

A

Inflammation of the sebaceous gland
Accompanied by pimples
Secondary to bacterial infection.

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17
Q

exocrine gland

A

Empty though ducts to the epithelial surface.

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18
Q

Merocrine (eccrine gland)

A

Clear and watery
Location: Palms, soles, and forehead.
Mode of secretion: Exocytosis, directly onto the skin.
Sensible perspiration
water, salts, and organic compounds.

19
Q

What are the functions of merocrine glands?

A

cools skin, excretes water and electrolytes, and flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from the skin.

20
Q

Apocrine Gland

A

exocrine, secretion directly to the hair follicle.
Location: around the nipples, pubic region, and armpits.
Products accumulate just below the free surface and the apex of the cell pinches off. Secretory granules and a small amount of cytoplasm is released

21
Q

What do the secretions of apocrine contain?

A

components of true swear, fat and proteins.
Stinky and cloudy secretions.
Breakdown causes odor.
Surrounded by myoepithelial cells.
In response to hormonal or nervous signals.

22
Q

Ceruminous Glands
Location
Product
Function

A

Location: modified apocrine glands in the external ear canal.
Product: cerumen (earwax)
Function: protection of eardrum

23
Q

Mammary glands
Location
Product
Function

A

Location: breast
Product: milk
Function: feeding

24
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls sebaceous and apocrine glands.
work simultaneously over the entire body.

25
Q

How are merocrine sweat glands controlled?

A

controlled independently
sweating occurs locally

26
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Main functions of sensible perspiration
works with the cardiovascular system
regulated body temperature.

27
Q

nails

A

protective coverings at the ends of fingers and toes that contain hard keratin.

28
Q

Nail body

A

epithelial cells containing keratin.
Overlies the surface of the skin called nailbed

29
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

least malignant
stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis.
Slow growing
can be cured with surgical excision `

30
Q

Squamous Cells Carcinoma

A

Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
scalp, ears, and lower lip.
Grows rapidly
Prognosis is good if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically.

31
Q

Melanoma

A

Most dangerous type of skin.
Asymmetry, Border, Color, diameter
Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy.
survival is poor if the lesion is over 4mm thick.

32
Q

1st degree burn

A

only the epidermis is damaged
Symptoms: localized redness, swelling and pain

33
Q

2nd degree burns

A

Epidermis and upper regions of the dermis are damaged
Symptoms: mimic 1st degree but blisters also appear.

34
Q

3rd degree burns

A

Involved the entire thickness of the skin
Symptoms: grey-white, cherry red, or black and there is no initial swelling or pain since the nerve endings are destroyed.

35
Q

Burns are considered critical if

A

25% of the body has 2nd degree burns
10% of the body has 3rd degree burns
3rd degree burns are on the face, hands, or feet.

36
Q

Why are burns that cover 20% of the body life threatning?

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance is compromised
Thermoregulation
Protection from infection

37
Q

What are the 4 steps of repair of injury on the skin?

A

*Inflammation Phase
-Bleeding occurs at the site, and mast triggers an inflammatory response.
*Migration Phase
-Scab forms and the stratum basale migrates along the edges of the injury.
*Proliferation Phase
-Scab is undermined by epidermal cells migrating over the collagen fiber meshwork .
*Scarring Phase
-Scab shed and a shallow depression marks the injury site.

38
Q

Gland

A

Cell or organ in the body that produces and secretes particular chemical substances (hormones) for use in the body.

39
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

DUCTLESS
Secretions are hormones in the blood.
ex: pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands

40
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface.
ex: sweat, salivary, mammary and sebaceous

41
Q

Merocrine Secretion

A

Products are secreted by exocytosis
Only the product gets out
thin
sweat or hormones.

42
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

Products accumulate just below the free surface.
Apex of cell pinches off
Secretory granules and a small amount of cytoplasm is released.
Milk and stinky sweat

43
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Products released by cell bursting, killing gland cells.
Then are replaced by stem cells.
Thick and sticky
Goblet cells.

Anatomy and Physiology I (7 decks)

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