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Anatomy and Physiology I > Unit III: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit III: The Nervous System Flashcards

Part 1

1
Q

Sensory Input

A

PNS
Conveys information about the conditions inside or outside of the body.
Carry information to the CNS

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2
Q

Integration

A

CNS
Processes sensory information
“Important or not?”

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3
Q

Motor Output

A

PNS
Controls or adjusts peripheral organs such as skeletal muscles.

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4
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Brain and the spinal cord.

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5
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Includes all the nervous tissue outside of the CNS

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6
Q

Sensory (afferent)

A

PNS brings sensory information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues or organs.

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7
Q

Motor (efferent)

A

PNS carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue.

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8
Q

Effectors

A

Targeted organs that respond by doing something.

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9
Q

What are the two divisions of the motor (efferent) division?

A

Somatic Nervous System and Automatic Nervous System.

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10
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

Controls the skeletal muscle contractions.
Voluntary contractions and involuntary contractions.

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11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

The visceral motor system automatically regulates smooth, cardiac muscles and glandular secretions, and adipose tissue at a subconscious level.

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12
Q

Which subdivision of the automatic nervous system is active during stress?

A

Sympathetic
* its role is to respond to dangerous and stressful situations.
*“Fight or Flight”
Increases heart rate and respirations.

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13
Q

What subdivision of the automatic nervous system is most active at rest?

A

Parasympathetic
* Responsible for the body’s rest and digestion response when the body is relaxed, resting, or feeding.
*undoes the work of sympathetic divisions in stressful situations.
*Decreases the respiration rate and the heart rate.

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14
Q

Neuroglia

A

It supports cells in nervous tissue, separates and protects the neurons, and helps regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid.

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15
Q

Which types of neuroglia are found in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Microglia-Phagocytes
Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

What types of neuroglia are found in the PNS?

A

Satellite and Schwann

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17
Q

Astrocytes

A

*Brace neurons
*Maintains Blood-Brain Brain (between capillaries and neurons to protect brain)
*Forms scar tissue after injury.

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18
Q

Microglia-Phagocytes

A

Removes cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytes.

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19
Q

Ependymal

A

Makes cerebrospinal fluid line the ventricles of the brain and central canal. Assist with circulating and monitoring the CSF.

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20
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinated CNS axons provide a structural framework.

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21
Q

Satellite Cells

A

*Protect neuron cell bodies.
*Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia.
*Regulates oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and neurotransmitter levels.

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22
Q

Dendrites

A

Sensitive processes (extensions) that extend and branch out from the cell body.
Role in intercellular communication.
CNS neurons receive information from other neurons here.

23
Q

Perikaryon

A

Cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.

24
Q

Telodendria

A

Fine extensions at the end of the main axon trunk and collaterals.
End at axon terminals, which play a role in communication with another cell.

25
Q

Axon

A

Long cytoplasmic process, which is capable of propagating an electrical impulse known as an action potential.

26
Q

Nissl Substance

A

Granular clusters of Rough ER and ribosomes are found within the cell body of organs.
*They give a gray color to areas containing neuron cell bodies

27
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Play a role in communication with other another cell.
Releases neurotransmitters and conducts electrical impulses.

28
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Neurofilaments and neurotubules in the cytoplasm of the neuron. Cytoskeleton.
Structural support

29
Q

Myelin

A

Membranous wrapping serves as electrical insulation and increases the speed at which an action potential travels along the axon.

30
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Fat that coats around most axons in the PNS.

31
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Protects, insulates, and increases the speed of the action potential.

32
Q

Structure of Schwann Cells

A

*Jelly roll-like fashion.
*Neurilemma on the outer surface of the axon that encircles an axon.
*The nodes of Ranvier are not very far apart from adjacent internodes.

33
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath that cover the axon of a neuron

34
Q

Structure of Oligodendrocytes

A

*Contain myelin
*Nodes of ranvier are far apart.
*No neurilemma

35
Q

What is the difference between white matter and gray matter?

A

White Matter- myelin is present.
Gray Matter- contains the neuron body only. No myelin is present.

36
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

*Most common in CNS
*Motor and association neurons.
*Has more than two processes
*Single axon and multiple dendrites.

37
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

*Most sensory neurons in the PNS.
*Single, elongated process.
*The cell body is located on the side.

37
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

*Rare
*Sensory organs like ear, eye, and nose.
*The cell body separates two processes.

38
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joint.

39
Q

Exteroceptor
(Sensory)

A

Provide information about the external environment in the form of touch, temperature, or pressure sensations and the more complex senses or taste, smell, sight, equilibrium, and hearing.

40
Q

Interceptors

A

Monitors the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems and provides sensations of distension, deep pressure, and pain.

41
Q

What is the structural classification of motor neurons?

A

Multipolar neurons

42
Q

What are the structural classification of sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

Bipolar and unipolar

43
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate with muscles and glands

44
Q

Dendrites receive ___________ signals which are converted to an ___________ signal.

A

Chemical
Electrical

45
Q

what types of nerves release acetylcholine?

A

Somatic motor neurons and some ANS neurons.

46
Q

What types of nerves release norepinephrine?

A

Some neurons of the sympathetic branch of the ANS

Related to epinephrine (made by the adrenal glands) and dopamine

47
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitter- Stimulatory Effect

A

Depolarization and Action potentials

48
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

Membrane potential drops below -70mV (the normal resting membrane potential of a neuron)
HYPERPOLARIZATION

49
Q

Depolarization

A

When the cell membrane becomes less negative

50
Q

Hyper polarization

A

When the membrane potential drops below -70mV (the normal resting membrane potential.

51
Q

Is NE stimulatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory, smooth muscles, cardiac and glands.

52
Q

Is ACh stimulatory (excitatory) or inhibitory?

A

ACh is both.
Skeletal muscles - E
Cardiac muscles - I
Digestive tract and smooth muscles- E

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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