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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two different parts of the integument?

A

Cutaneous Membrane and Accessory structures.

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2
Q

What is part of the cutaneous membrane?

A

Epidermis (keratinized cells), Dermis (papillary layer, and dense irregular), and hypodermis

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3
Q

What is part of the accessory structures?

A

Hair, nails, and glands.

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4
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection
Excretion
Body temp regulation
melanin
keratin
Vitamin D3
Lipids
Touch, pressure pain, and temperature.

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5
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum Corneum

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6
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Cells form several layers and contain large amount of keratin.

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7
Q

Where are keratinocytes found?

A

Stratum Corneum Layer

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8
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum Basale Layer

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9
Q

Langerhans’ cells

A

Phagocytes, immune cells that eat infectious agents

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10
Q

Where are langerhans’ cells found?

A

Stratum Spinosum

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11
Q

Merkel cells

A

Sensory nerve endings (tactile)

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12
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

Found in startum basale layer

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13
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Deepest layer
One layer of cuboidal cells.
Rapid cell division
Epidermal growth factor
Forms the epidermal ridges (fingerprints)
Dermal Papillae (tiny mounds)
There are two specialized cells- merkel and melanocytes!

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14
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Around 10 layers
Some cells are still dividing
Begins making keratin and is bound together by desmosomes to adjacent cells.
Langerhans’ cells stimulate defense against microorganisms.

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15
Q

Straum Granulosum

A

Grainy layer
3 to 5 layers that have stopped diving and are flatter.
Prekeratin is now keratohyalin (mature keratin)
These cells are filled with lamellated granules (lipids)
Cells begin to die
Keratohyalin forms dense cytoplasmic granules that promote the dehydration of cells.

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16
Q

Stratum Lucidium

A

Clear layer
Only in thick skin
The function is unknown

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17
Q

Stratum Croneum

A

Layer is exposed to the external environment
Cells are filled with keratin and are coated with lipids from lamellated granules.
Thin skin has around 15 layers
Thick skin has around 30 layers
The dead cells are still interconnected by desmosomes.
TWO weeks before they shed or are washed away.
Water resistant not waterproof

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18
Q

Carotene

A

Orange-yellowish pigment
It is found in carrots

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19
Q

Melanin

A

Brownish to black pigment
Stored in vesicles (melanosomes) that are later transferred to keratinocytes for pigment.

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20
Q

Jaundice

A

The liver is unable to excrete bile resulting in yellowish pigments on the skin due to it accumulating in body fluids.

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21
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

The pituitary gland secretes large quantities of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
The hormone causes melanocytes to overproduce melanin, darkening the skin.
Extremely bronzed tan.

22
Q

Vitiligo

A

Individuals lose their melanocytes, which causes white patches on their normal skin.
It is believed that it develops when the immune defenses malfunction and antibodies attack normal melanocytes.

23
Q

Vitamin D3

A

Cholecalciferol will get activated to calcitriol (hormone) which will then help stimulate the absorption of calcium.

24
Q

What disease results in the absence of vitamin D3?

A

Rickets, it result in the bending of abnormally weak and flexible bones under the weight of the body. Structural change may also result.

25
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular (dense irregular CT)

26
Q

Papillary layer
What is it made up of?

A

Made up of areolar (loose) connective tissue
Capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Sensory nerve fibers that supply the surface of the skin

27
Q

Capillaries in papillary layer

A

Blood supply and thermoregulation and support

28
Q

Dermal Papillae in papillary layer

A

Strengthen the connection between the dermis and the epidermis
Deeper the folds the larger the area of attachment becomes.

29
Q

Papillary plexus

A

Supplies blood to the epidermis and regulates the skins temp

30
Q

Tactile Corpuscles in papillary layer

A

Receptors sensitive to light touch.

31
Q

Reticular Layer
What is it made up of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

32
Q

Cutaneous Plexus in Reticular layer

A

deeper network that lies along the border of the subcutaneous layer with the reticular layer.
Supply both the adipose and the tissues of the integument.
Supply hair follicles, sweat glands and other structures.

33
Q

Lamellated Corpuscles

A

Receptors sensitive to deep pressure and vibration.

34
Q

Reticula Dermis

A

Parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers.

35
Q

How do fingerprints form?

A

Downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis between the dermal papillae

36
Q

Flexure Lines

A

Dermal folds at or near joints
Secure dermis to underlying tissues
Deep creases on palms, wrist, fingers, and toes.

37
Q

What do nerve fibers in the skin control?

A

Blod flow
Adjust gland secretion rates
Motor sensory receptors in the dermis and deeper layers of the epidermis.

38
Q

Dermatitis

A

Inflammation of the skin involves the papillary layer.
Begins when the skin is exposed to an infection or irritated by the environment.

39
Q

Sagging and wrinkles

A

Hormones and the destructive effects of UV radiation permanently reduce the mount of elastin in the dermis.
Reduced skin elasticity.

40
Q

Stretch marks

A

Extensive distortion of the dermis that exceed the elastic limits of the skin will result in damage to the dermis and prevent it from recoiling leaving creases and creating stretch marks

41
Q

Where is the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

A

lies deep into the dermis
Not part of the integument but it is important in stabilizing the position of the skin.
Made up of adipose tissue

42
Q

Subcutaneous Injection

A

It is given in the hypodermis
A limited number of capillaries and no vital organs.

43
Q

Liposuction

A

Removes subcutaneous adipose tissue through a tube inserted deep into the skin while the person is anesthetized.

44
Q

Location of hair

A

Everywhere except the soles of feet, the palm of the hands, lips and portions of the external genitalia.

45
Q

Functions of hair

A

Helps maintain warmth
Alerts the body to the presence of insects on the skin.
Guards the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight.

46
Q

What is a hair follicle?

A

Located deep in the dermis
Produces nonliving hairs
Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath
The base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus)

47
Q

What happens when a hair is bent?

A

Bending a hair stimulates the root hair plexus, hairs act as a sensitive touch receptor.

48
Q

Arrector Pili

A

Involuntary smooth muscle
Causes hair to stand up
Produces hair goosebumps

49
Q

What is the functions of sebum?

A

Lubricates hair and kills bacteria

50
Q

Hair root

A

The base of the hair, which anchors into the skin

51
Q

Hair shaft

A

Extends from this halfway point to the exposed tip of the hair.

52
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I (14 decks)

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