Chapter 4: Tissue, the Living Fabric Flashcards
Tissue
Collections of specialized cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of functions.
What are the four primary tissue types?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
What forms membranes?
Connective and epithelium
Where are epithelial tissues found?
Body coverings, body linings, and glandular tissues.
What are the functions of the epithelial tissues?
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion/Excretion
Sensory Reception
Apical
Free surface
Basolateral or basal
Attached surface at base and sides- contact point with other cells/tissues.
Microvilli
“tiny fingers” found in digestive epithelia.
On the apical surface
In tissues that line internal surfaces.
Cilia
“Little hairs” are found in the respiratory and reproductive epithelial tissues.
Contain motor proteins.
Cilia moves back and forth.
Gap junctions
Permit free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells.
Tight Junctions
formed by the diffusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes.
Prevents the diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells.
Adhesion belts lie deep between the tight junctions.
Tied to microfilaments of the terminal web.
Desmosomes
Intercellular junctions, help maintain the mechanical integrity of tissues.
Basal Lamina
Secreted by epithelial cells; filtration prevents molecules from underlying tissues from getting into the epithelium.
Reticular Lamina
Secreted by underlying connective tissues; a network. of protein fibers and thick, clear ground substance.
What are the three types of connective tissue?
Proper
Fluid
Supporting
Fibroblast
most abundant and found in all connective tissue proper, form connective tissue.
Fibrocytes
Second most abundant
Mature cells
Maintain protein fibers.
Mesenchymal Cells
Immature cells become other connective tissues
Melanocytes
Melanin protects from UV radiation and pigment.
Macrophage and microphage
White blood cells.
Eating infection agents.
Mast cells
Releases histamine, initiates inflammation.
Lymphocytes
White blood cells, produce antibodies and kills infected cells.
Collagen
Strong and thick
Elastin
Stretchy and thin
Reticular fibers
Like wires, form a trap for cells.
These are in the lymph nodes and the liver
What is ground substance?
Fills in space between cells and fibers.
Consistency determines the physical nature of connective tissue (proper, liquid, and supporting)
Superficial Fasciae
Also known as the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer. Adipose Tissue .
Between skin and underlying organs.
Deep Fasciae
bound to capsules, tendons and ligaments.
forms a strong fibrous internal framework. Dense connective tissue (middle)
Subserous Facia
Between serous membranes and deep fascia. Areolar tissues. (deep)
From what does lymph forms?
From the tissue fluid and blood plasma that leak out of capillaries.
Perichondrium
around the cartilage.
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells
Lacunae
the cavity in which the cell is in.
Interstitial growth
Enlarges cartilage from within; embryonic development through adolescence; does not occur in adults.
Appositional Growth
Increases size by adding to the outer surface; development only occurs in adults after minor damges.
What does the matrix in cartilage contain?
Chondroitin Sulfates
Canaliculi
Microscopic passageways between cells; that allow diffusion of nutrients and waste to and from osteocytes.
Central Canal
Longitudinal canal in the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.
Perichondrium
The layer that surrounds a cartilage (around cartilage)
Periosteum
The layer that surrounds the bone (around the bone)
Neuron
A cell in nervous tissues that is specialized for intercellular communication though changes in membrane potential and synaptic connections.
Dendrites
Receive messages from other nerve cells from the external environment.
Neuron Body
Contains genetic information
Processing and transmitting information.
Axons
Transmits electrical impulses or action potentials aways from the cells body. Conducts the message.
Neuroglia
Supporting cells maintain the physical structure of tissues
Inflammation
Mast cells release histamine which initiates inflammation.
It causes redness, heat, swelling and sometimes pain.
Why is redness causes during inflammation?
The increased diameter of blood vessels increases blood flow creating redness and warmth.
What causes swelling/edema and pain during inflammation?
Histamine makes blood vessels leaky so plasma leaves the blood and enters the tissues creating swelling.
Macrophages are present during the whole process.
Regeneration
Tissues is replaced by the same tissues.
The repair process restores normal function after inflammation has subsided
Fibrosis
Tissues that are replaced with dense irregular connective tissue.
Cardiac muscles cells are replaced with scar tissue because they cannot regenerate.
What tissues that regenerate easily?
Epithelial and most connective tissues
Which tissues regenerate poorly?
Cartilage and cardiac muscles
What tissues are replaced largely with scar tissues?
Cardiac, nervous and severely damaged cartilage tissues.
