Unit III: The Nervous System (Higher Brain Functions)

Question 1

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 1

Measures the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes attached to the scalp.

Question 2

Alpha Waves

Answer 2

Waves of normal resting adults.

Question 3

Beta Waves

Answer 3

Intense concentration

Question 4

Theta Waves

Answer 4

Seen more often in children with frustration.

Question 5

Delta Waves

Answer 5

Occurs in deep sleep and in certain pathological conditions. RAS is not responding.

Question 6

What are the two different types of sleep?

Answer 6

Non rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep.

Question 7

What occurs on the first stage of NREM sleep?

Answer 7

Alpha waves- person easily wakes up and is very relaxed.

Question 8

What occur on the second stage of NREM?

Answer 8

Theta and beta waves- sleep spindles- spikes on waves.

Question 9

Sleep spindles

Answer 9

Rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory.

Question 10

What occurs on the third stage of NREM?

Answer 10

Slow wave sleep- delta waves. Vital signs begin to decrease.

Question 11

What occurs on stage 4 of NREM?

Answer 11

Delta waves- the person is hard to wake up and skeletal muscles have completely relaxed.

Question 12

During what stages on NREM does the body repairs and restores?

Answer 12

Stage 3 and 4

Question 13

Rapid Eye Movement

Answer 13

Vital signs being to increase, skeletal muscles (expect ocular muscles) and inhibited.

Question 14

When does dreaming take place?

Answer 14

in REM sleep

Question 15

What does a normal sleep cycle look like?

Answer 15

One passes through the four stages of NREM during the first 30-40 min of sleep.
REM sleep occurs only after the 4th stage has been achieved.

Question 16

Approximately how many cycles of NREM and REM occur at night?

Answer 16

Approx. 5 (for both)

Question 17

People with constant disruption of REM sleep have an increased chance of developing?

Answer 17

Depression and anxiety

Question 18

List the senses for special senses

Answer 18

Vision, hearing, taste and smell.

Question 19

List the senses for general senses.

Answer 19

Pain, light touch, pressure temperature and position.

Question 20

Where is the information of general senses brought to and interpreted?

Answer 20

brought to the primary somatosensory cortex and interpreted by the somatosensory association area.

Question 21

Naked nerve endings

Answer 21

Detect stimuli

Question 22

Encapsulated nerve endings

Answer 22

pressure sensors- deeper

Question 23

Where is the vision information received?

Answer 23

Visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

Question 24

Where is hearing information recieved?

Answer 24

In the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Question 25

Where is taste information received?

Answer 25

In the gustatory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Question 26

Where is smell information received?

Answer 26

In the olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Question 27

What are mechanoreceptors?

Answer 27

Sensitive to physical stimuli that distort their plasma membranes.

Question 28

what are the 3 classes of mechanoreceptors?

Answer 28

Tactile, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors.

Question 29

Tactile receptors

Answer 29

respond to touch, pressure, and vibration

Question 30

Baroreceptors

Answer 30

Detects changes in pressure in blood vessels, and portions of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts.

Question 31

Proprioceptors

Answer 31

Monitors the positions of joints and skeletal muscles (structurally and functionally complex)

Question 32

Chemoreceptors

Answer 32

Specialized nerve cells that detect small changes in the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds. -Not consciously aware

Question 33

Thermoreceptors

Answer 33

Temperature receptors are located in the dermis, skeletal muscles, liver, and hypothalamus. Reticular formation, thalamus, and primary somatosensory cortex.

Question 34

Photoreceptors

Answer 34

Respond to all wave lights that are visible to our eyes and night vision. Rods and 3 cones.

Question 35

Nociceptors

Answer 35

Pain receptors, free nerve endings with large receptive fields. Temperature extremes, mechanical damages, dissolved chemicals. (damages tissue) VERY STRONG STIMULI

Question 36

Sympathetic

Answer 36

Coordinates the body for action Fight or flight HR and RR increases. Increase of ATP production

Question 37

Parasympathetic

Answer 37

rest and digest HR and RR decreaase decrease of ATP production body is maintaining homeostasis increase in gastro activity.

Question 38

Somatic Nervous System - Number of nerves - Effector organs - neurotransmitter

Answer 38

- has a single neuron -controls voluntary muscles - ACh

Question 39

Sympathetic -number of neurons -effector organs -neurotransmitter -length of ganglion

Answer 39

T1- L2 Ganglia near spinal cord. 2 neurons Organs- eyes, heart, lungs, blood vessels, skin, lacrimal and salivary glands. Short pre-ganglionic neuron Long post-ganglionic neuron Pre- contains ACh Post- contains NE

Question 40

Parasympathetic -number of neurons -effector organs -neurotransmitter -length of ganglion

Answer 40

2 neurons Controls involuntary organs Preganglionic nerve is long Postganglionic nerve is short. ACh only Brainstem and S1-S4

Question 41

What is a glanglion?

Answer 41

A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

Question 42

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- EYE

Answer 42

S: dilation for distance P: constriction for near vision

Question 43

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- SWEAT GLANDS

Answer 43

S: Increase secretion P: none

Question 44

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- TEAR GLANDS

Answer 44

S: None P: Secretions

Question 45

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLES

Answer 45

S: Contraction; hairs stand on end. P: none

Question 46

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division-ADRENAL GLAND

Answer 46

S: secretions of NE and epinephrine by adrenal glands P: none

Question 47

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- BLOOD VESSELS

Answer 47

S: Vasoconstriction or vasodialation P: None

Question 48

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- HEART

Answer 48

S: increase heart rate, forced contraction, and BP. P: Decrease rate, force of contraction, and BP

Question 49

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- AIRWAY DIAMETER

Answer 49

S: increases P: decreases

Question 50

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division-RESPIRATORY RATE

Answer 50

S: Increases P: decreases

Question 51

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- GENERAL LEVEL OF ACTIVITY

Answer 51

S: decreases P: increases

Question 52

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- LIVER

Answer 52

S: Stimulates glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis, and release. P: Stimulates glycogen synthesis

Question 53

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- KIDNEYS

Answer 53

S: decreases urinary production P: increases urinary production

Question 54

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- BLADDER

Answer 54

S: constricts sphincter, relaxes bladder. P: tenses bladder. and relaxes sphincter- releasing urine.

Question 55

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- SKELETAL MUSCLES

Answer 55

S: increases the force of contraction f glycogen breakdown P: none

Question 56

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division-REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

Answer 56

S: increases glandular secretions and ejaculation P: Erection