Unit III: The Nervous System (Higher Brain Functions) Flashcards

1
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Measures the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes attached to the scalp.

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2
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Waves of normal resting adults.

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3
Q

Beta Waves

A

Intense concentration

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4
Q

Theta Waves

A

Seen more often in children with frustration.

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5
Q

Delta Waves

A

Occurs in deep sleep and in certain pathological conditions. RAS is not responding.

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6
Q

What are the two different types of sleep?

A

Non rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep.

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7
Q

What occurs on the first stage of NREM sleep?

A

Alpha waves- person easily wakes up and is very relaxed.

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8
Q

What occur on the second stage of NREM?

A

Theta and beta waves- sleep spindles- spikes on waves.

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9
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory.

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10
Q

What occurs on the third stage of NREM?

A

Slow wave sleep- delta waves. Vital signs begin to decrease.

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11
Q

What occurs on stage 4 of NREM?

A

Delta waves- the person is hard to wake up and skeletal muscles have completely relaxed.

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12
Q

During what stages on NREM does the body repairs and restores?

A

Stage 3 and 4

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13
Q

Rapid Eye Movement

A

Vital signs being to increase, skeletal muscles (expect ocular muscles) and inhibited.

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14
Q

When does dreaming take place?

A

in REM sleep

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15
Q

What does a normal sleep cycle look like?

A

One passes through the four stages of NREM during the first 30-40 min of sleep.
REM sleep occurs only after the 4th stage has been achieved.

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16
Q

Approximately how many cycles of NREM and REM occur at night?

A

Approx. 5 (for both)

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17
Q

People with constant disruption of REM sleep have an increased chance of developing?

A

Depression and anxiety

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18
Q

List the senses for special senses

A

Vision, hearing, taste and smell.

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19
Q

List the senses for general senses.

A

Pain, light touch, pressure temperature and position.

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20
Q

Where is the information of general senses brought to and interpreted?

A

brought to the primary somatosensory cortex and interpreted by the somatosensory association area.

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21
Q

Naked nerve endings

A

Detect stimuli

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22
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A

pressure sensors- deeper

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23
Q

Where is the vision information received?

A

Visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

24
Q

Where is hearing information recieved?

A

In the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

25
Where is taste information received?
In the gustatory cortex in the temporal lobe.
26
Where is smell information received?
In the olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe.
27
What are mechanoreceptors?
Sensitive to physical stimuli that distort their plasma membranes.
28
what are the 3 classes of mechanoreceptors?
Tactile, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors.
29
Tactile receptors
respond to touch, pressure, and vibration
30
Baroreceptors
Detects changes in pressure in blood vessels, and portions of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts.
31
Proprioceptors
Monitors the positions of joints and skeletal muscles (structurally and functionally complex)
32
Chemoreceptors
Specialized nerve cells that detect small changes in the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds. -Not consciously aware
33
Thermoreceptors
Temperature receptors are located in the dermis, skeletal muscles, liver, and hypothalamus. Reticular formation, thalamus, and primary somatosensory cortex.
34
Photoreceptors
Respond to all wave lights that are visible to our eyes and night vision. Rods and 3 cones.
35
Nociceptors
Pain receptors, free nerve endings with large receptive fields. Temperature extremes, mechanical damages, dissolved chemicals. (damages tissue) VERY STRONG STIMULI
36
Sympathetic
Coordinates the body for action Fight or flight HR and RR increases. Increase of ATP production
37
Parasympathetic
rest and digest HR and RR decreaase decrease of ATP production body is maintaining homeostasis increase in gastro activity.
38
Somatic Nervous System - Number of nerves - Effector organs - neurotransmitter
- has a single neuron -controls voluntary muscles - ACh
39
Sympathetic -number of neurons -effector organs -neurotransmitter -length of ganglion
T1- L2 Ganglia near spinal cord. 2 neurons Organs- eyes, heart, lungs, blood vessels, skin, lacrimal and salivary glands. Short pre-ganglionic neuron Long post-ganglionic neuron Pre- contains ACh Post- contains NE
40
Parasympathetic -number of neurons -effector organs -neurotransmitter -length of ganglion
2 neurons Controls involuntary organs Preganglionic nerve is long Postganglionic nerve is short. ACh only Brainstem and S1-S4
41
What is a glanglion?
A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
42
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- EYE
S: dilation for distance P: constriction for near vision
43
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- SWEAT GLANDS
S: Increase secretion P: none
44
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- TEAR GLANDS
S: None P: Secretions
45
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLES
S: Contraction; hairs stand on end. P: none
46
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division-ADRENAL GLAND
S: secretions of NE and epinephrine by adrenal glands P: none
47
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- BLOOD VESSELS
S: Vasoconstriction or vasodialation P: None
48
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- HEART
S: increase heart rate, forced contraction, and BP. P: Decrease rate, force of contraction, and BP
49
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- AIRWAY DIAMETER
S: increases P: decreases
50
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division-RESPIRATORY RATE
S: Increases P: decreases
51
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- GENERAL LEVEL OF ACTIVITY
S: decreases P: increases
52
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- LIVER
S: Stimulates glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis, and release. P: Stimulates glycogen synthesis
53
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- KIDNEYS
S: decreases urinary production P: increases urinary production
54
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- BLADDER
S: constricts sphincter, relaxes bladder. P: tenses bladder. and relaxes sphincter- releasing urine.
55
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- SKELETAL MUSCLES
S: increases the force of contraction f glycogen breakdown P: none
56
Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division-REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
S: increases glandular secretions and ejaculation P: Erection