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Anatomy and Physiology I > Unit III: The Nervous System (Higher Brain Functions) > Flashcards

Unit III: The Nervous System (Higher Brain Functions) Flashcards

1
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Measures the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes attached to the scalp.

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2
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Waves of normal resting adults.

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3
Q

Beta Waves

A

Intense concentration

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4
Q

Theta Waves

A

Seen more often in children with frustration.

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5
Q

Delta Waves

A

Occurs in deep sleep and in certain pathological conditions. RAS is not responding.

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6
Q

What are the two different types of sleep?

A

Non rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep.

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7
Q

What occurs on the first stage of NREM sleep?

A

Alpha waves- person easily wakes up and is very relaxed.

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8
Q

What occur on the second stage of NREM?

A

Theta and beta waves- sleep spindles- spikes on waves.

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9
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory.

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10
Q

What occurs on the third stage of NREM?

A

Slow wave sleep- delta waves. Vital signs begin to decrease.

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11
Q

What occurs on stage 4 of NREM?

A

Delta waves- the person is hard to wake up and skeletal muscles have completely relaxed.

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12
Q

During what stages on NREM does the body repairs and restores?

A

Stage 3 and 4

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13
Q

Rapid Eye Movement

A

Vital signs being to increase, skeletal muscles (expect ocular muscles) and inhibited.

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14
Q

When does dreaming take place?

A

in REM sleep

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15
Q

What does a normal sleep cycle look like?

A

One passes through the four stages of NREM during the first 30-40 min of sleep.
REM sleep occurs only after the 4th stage has been achieved.

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16
Q

Approximately how many cycles of NREM and REM occur at night?

A

Approx. 5 (for both)

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17
Q

People with constant disruption of REM sleep have an increased chance of developing?

A

Depression and anxiety

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18
Q

List the senses for special senses

A

Vision, hearing, taste and smell.

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19
Q

List the senses for general senses.

A

Pain, light touch, pressure temperature and position.

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20
Q

Where is the information of general senses brought to and interpreted?

A

brought to the primary somatosensory cortex and interpreted by the somatosensory association area.

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21
Q

Naked nerve endings

A

Detect stimuli

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22
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A

pressure sensors- deeper

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23
Q

Where is the vision information received?

A

Visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

24
Q

Where is hearing information recieved?

A

In the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

25
Q

Where is taste information received?

A

In the gustatory cortex in the temporal lobe.

26
Q

Where is smell information received?

A

In the olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe.

27
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

Sensitive to physical stimuli that distort their plasma membranes.

28
Q

what are the 3 classes of mechanoreceptors?

A

Tactile, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors.

29
Q

Tactile receptors

A

respond to touch, pressure, and vibration

30
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detects changes in pressure in blood vessels, and portions of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts.

31
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Monitors the positions of joints and skeletal muscles (structurally and functionally complex)

32
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Specialized nerve cells that detect small changes in the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds.
-Not consciously aware

33
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature receptors are located in the dermis, skeletal muscles, liver, and hypothalamus.
Reticular formation, thalamus, and primary somatosensory cortex.

34
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to all wave lights that are visible to our eyes and night vision.
Rods and 3 cones.

35
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors, free nerve endings with large receptive fields.
Temperature extremes, mechanical damages, dissolved chemicals. (damages tissue) VERY STRONG STIMULI

36
Q

Sympathetic

A

Coordinates the body for action
Fight or flight
HR and RR increases.
Increase of ATP production

37
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest
HR and RR decreaase
decrease of ATP production
body is maintaining homeostasis
increase in gastro activity.

38
Q

Somatic Nervous System
- Number of nerves
- Effector organs
- neurotransmitter

A
  • has a single neuron
    -controls voluntary muscles
  • ACh
39
Q

Sympathetic
-number of neurons
-effector organs
-neurotransmitter
-length of ganglion

A

T1- L2
Ganglia near spinal cord.
2 neurons
Organs- eyes, heart, lungs, blood vessels, skin, lacrimal and salivary glands.
Short pre-ganglionic neuron
Long post-ganglionic neuron
Pre- contains ACh
Post- contains NE

40
Q

Parasympathetic
-number of neurons
-effector organs
-neurotransmitter
-length of ganglion

A

2 neurons
Controls involuntary organs
Preganglionic nerve is long
Postganglionic nerve is short.
ACh only
Brainstem and S1-S4

41
Q

What is a glanglion?

A

A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

42
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- EYE

A

S: dilation for distance
P: constriction for near vision

43
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- SWEAT GLANDS

A

S: Increase secretion
P: none

44
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- TEAR GLANDS

A

S: None
P: Secretions

45
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLES

A

S: Contraction; hairs stand on end.
P: none

46
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division-ADRENAL GLAND

A

S: secretions of NE and epinephrine by adrenal glands
P: none

47
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- BLOOD VESSELS

A

S: Vasoconstriction or vasodialation
P: None

48
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- HEART

A

S: increase heart rate, forced contraction, and BP.
P: Decrease rate, force of contraction, and BP

49
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- AIRWAY DIAMETER

A

S: increases
P: decreases

50
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division-RESPIRATORY RATE

A

S: Increases
P: decreases

51
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- GENERAL LEVEL OF ACTIVITY

A

S: decreases
P: increases

52
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- LIVER

A

S: Stimulates glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis, and release.
P: Stimulates glycogen synthesis

53
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- KIDNEYS

A

S: decreases urinary production
P: increases urinary production

54
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- BLADDER

A

S: constricts sphincter, relaxes bladder.
P: tenses bladder. and relaxes sphincter- releasing urine.

55
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division- SKELETAL MUSCLES

A

S: increases the force of contraction f glycogen breakdown
P: none

56
Q

Relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic division-REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

A

S: increases glandular secretions and ejaculation
P: Erection

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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