A&P Final Exam Review (2)

Question 1

Plasma Membrane

Answer 1

Controls what goes in and out of the cell.
Glycocalyx- ID

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

Cellular control center
Genetic information

Question 3

Chromosomes

Answer 3

Bundles of DNA and proteins but organized.
Chromosomes are what are being transferred.

Question 4

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 4

46
23 pairs

Question 5

Gene

Answer 5

A basic and functional unit made up of DNA. Genes act as instructions to be transcribed into RNA and ultimately result in the creation of functional products such as proteins.

Question 6

Nucleolus

Answer 6

Synthesizes rRNA (which makes ribosomes)

Question 7

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 7

A double membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Question 8

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 8

Contains ribosomes.
Helps FOLD proteins.
Releases proteins.

Question 9

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 9

Synthesizes lipids, NO ribosomes, stores calcium, and detoxes. (large number seen in kidneys and liver)

Question 10

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

Finishes, sorts, and ships cell products in the cytoplasm.
These products turn into vesicles to be secreted.

Question 11

Vacuole

Answer 11

Isolates waste products and kicks out extra fluid.

Question 12

Lysosomes

Answer 12

Sacs of enzymes, digestion within the cell, recycles or destroys damaged organelles, a hydrolytic digestive enzyme.

Question 13

Mitochondria

Answer 13

Harvests energy from food and carries out cellular respiration.

Question 14

Cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Maintains structure and activities.

Question 15

Ribosomes

Answer 15

Synthesizes proteins using mRNA

Question 16

Diffusion

Answer 16

Substances moves from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration (down its concentration gradient)

Question 17

Concentration Gradient

Answer 17

Occurs when the concentration of substances is higher in one area than another.

Question 18

What affects diffusion?

Answer 18

Temp, molecular size, concentration and pressure.

Question 19

Osmosis

Answer 19

Movement of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane.
Low to high solute.

Question 20

Active Transport

Answer 20

Moves substances against their gradient.
Requires ATP

Question 21

Passive Transport

Answer 21

A solute moves through a membrane transport proteins.
No ATP is required.
Relies on concentration gradient.

Question 22

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 22

Does not require ATP.
Relies on concentration gradient.
Does not require transport proteins.

Question 23

Endocytosis

Answer 23

Used to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell.

Question 24

Exocytosis

Answer 24

Used to export bulky molecules.

Question 25

Phagocytosis

Answer 25

"cell eating" large items are brought into cells in a vacuole.

Question 26

Pinocytosis

Answer 26

"Cell drinking" fluid is brought into the cell vesicles.

Question 27

Histology

Answer 27

Study of cells and tissues under a microscope

Question 28

What are the four major tissue types?

Answer 28

Epithelial Connective Muscles Nervous

Question 29

Parietal Layer

Answer 29

Attaches to the body cavity

Question 30

Visceral Layer

Answer 30

Attached to the organ itself

Question 31

What are the structural characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Answer 31

Cells fit together closely, polar, avascular, regenerate, and tissue layers always have one free surface.

Question 32

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 32

Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion/excretion, and sensory reception.

Question 33

Where is microvilli found?

Answer 33

In the digestive tract.

Question 34

Where is cilia found?

Answer 34

In the respiratory and reproductive tracts

Question 35

What is a gland?

Answer 35

Cell or organ in the body that produces and secretes particular chemical substances (hormones) for use in the body.

Question 36

Endocrine Gland

Answer 36

Ductless **Function:** Secretions are hormones in the blood. **Examples:** Pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal gland.

Question 37

Exocrine Gland

Answer 37

**Function:** Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface. **Examples:** sweat, salivary, mammary, and sebaceous

Question 38

Merocrine Gland

Answer 38

**Products are secreted by exocytosis. Only the product gets out.** (Thin, sweat and hormones) Controlled independently, sweating occurs locally. Cools skin, excretes water and electrolytes.

Question 39

Apocrine Gland

Answer 39

Products accumulate just below the free surface. Apex of the cell pinches off. Stinky and cloudy secretions. Secretion directly to the hair follicle. ANS

Question 40

Holocrine Gland

Answer 40

Products released by cell bursting, killing gland cells. Replaced by stem cells. Goblet cells.

Question 41

What are th