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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 17: Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Meibomian Glands

A

Produce an oily secretion

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2
Q

Ciliary Glands

A

Modified sweat glands between the eyelashes.

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3
Q

Conjunctiva

A

A transparent membrane that lines the eyelids as the palpebral conjunctiva. Covers the whites of the eyes as the ocular conjunctiva. Lubricates and protects the eye.

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4
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

Consists of the lacrimal gland and associated ducts

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5
Q

What does lacrimal glands secrete?

A

Tears, which contain mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme.

Enter via excretory ducts
Exit via lacrimal punctum
Drains into nasolacrimal duct

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6
Q

How many muscles surround the eye?

A

6 muscles
Four recuts muscles
Two oblique muscles

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7
Q

Accessory structures of the eyes.

A

Eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, extrinsic muscles

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8
Q

Lens

A

a biconvex transparent, flexible, avascular structure. Allows precise focus of light onto the retina.

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9
Q

Three tunics

A

Fibrous- outside layer
Vascular tunic- middle layer
Sensory tunic- inside layer

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10
Q

Sclera

A

White connective tissue, “ white of the eye”

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11
Q

Cornea

A

Transplant, central anterior portion. Allows for light to pass through.
Repairs itself easily.

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12
Q

Vascular Tunic (Uvea)

A

Has three regions, choroid, ciliary body and iris.

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13
Q

Choroid Region

A

A dark brown membrane that forms the posterior portion of the uvea. Supplies blood to all eye tunics.

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14
Q

Ciliary Body

A

A thickened ring of tissue surrounds the lens.
Smooth muscles
Anchors suspensory ligaments that hold the lens in place.
Changes the shape of the lens for near or far vision

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15
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented part of the eye- responsible for the color of the eye.

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16
Q

Pupil

A

The central opening of the iris. Regulates the amount of light entering the eye

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17
Q

Sensory Tunic (Retina)

A

Two-layered membrane.

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18
Q

Pigmented layer of Retina

A

Outer layer that absorbs light and prevents it from scattering.

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19
Q

Neural Layer of the Retina

A

Contains the photoreceptors- rods and cons.

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20
Q

How do the signals pass?

A

Two neuron chain, bipolar neuron to ganglion cells.

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21
Q

Rods

A

Found on the edges of the retina. Sensitive to dim light and best suited for night vision. Black and white vision

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22
Q

Cones

A

Found in the center of the retina. Bright light for activation of color vision Three cones, blue red and green

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23
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

Center of the visual field, area of the retina with only cones. High visual acuity.

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24
Q

Optic Disk

A

No photoreceptors are not found here

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25
Q

What separates eye into anterior and posterior chambers?

A

lens

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26
Q

Posterior Segment

A

Filled with a clear gel called vitreous humor.

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27
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Transmits light, supports the posterior surface of the lens, holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer, and contributes to intraocular pressure.

28
Q

Anterior Segments is composed of two segments-

A

Anterior- between the cornea and the iris
Posterior- between the iris and the lens.

29
Q

Glaucome

A

Excessive production of aqueous humor

30
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing the lens shape by ciliary muscles to increase the ability of the lens to bed light rays (refractory power)

31
Q

Constriction

A

The pupillary reflex constricts the pupils to prevent divergent light ray from entering the eye

32
Q

Convergence

A

Medial rotation of the eye balls toward the object being viewed.

33
Q

Emmetropia

A

Normal vision

34
Q

Myopia or nearsightedness

A

Light rays from distant objects fall in front of the retina. Light rays from near objects are focused correctly. Corrected with a concave lens.

35
Q

Hyperopia or farsightedness

A

Light rays from near objects fall behind the retina.
Light rays from distant objects are focused correctly. Corrected with a convex lens.

36
Q

Visual pathways

A

-Photoreceptors of the retina
- Optic nerve
- Optic nerve crosses at the optic chiasma
-Optic tracts
-Thalamus
-Visual cortex of the occipital lobe.

37
Q

The ear is divided into three areas.

A

Outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.

38
Q

External ear

A

Involves hearing only

39
Q

Pinna (auricle)

A

Exterior part of the ear, is the earlobe.

40
Q

External auditory canal

A

Narrow chamber in the temporal bone, Lined with skin. Ceruminous (wax) glands are present.

41
Q

Where does the external ear end?

A

Tympanic membrane.

42
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Thin connective tissue membrane that vibrates in response to sound. Transfers energy to ossicles.

43
Q

Sound waves turn into…

A

Mechanical energy

44
Q

Middle ear or tympanic cavity

A

only involved in hearing

45
Q

The tympanic or middle ear cavity connect to the throat via

A

pharyngotypanic or auditory (eustachian) tube

46
Q

Function of the pharyngotympanic or auditory (eustachian) tube.

A

Allows for equalizing pressure during yawning or swallowing. Otherwise this tube will collapse.

47
Q

Three bones in the middle ear

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (strirup)

48
Q

What is the function of the 3 ossicles?

A

Transfer sound to the inner ear.
Stapes will cause fluid vibration on the oval window.

49
Q

Inner ear

A

Sense organ for hearing and balance.

50
Q

What are the bony chambers of the inner ear?

A

Cochlea, vestibule and semilunar canals.

51
Q

What is the receptor for hearing?

A

Hair cells on the basilar membrane. It is a gel-like membrane capable of bending hair cells.

52
Q

How are these impulses transmitted?

A

Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal bone.

53
Q

Organs of equilibrium

A

Semicircular canals and vestible.

54
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Filled with fluid called endolymph.

55
Q

Crista ampullaris - a tuft of hair cells

A

Patch of receptor that detect body motion. A sensory neuron wraps around the base of each receptor.

56
Q

Vestibule

A

Bony structure between the semilunar canals and cochlea.
Two fluid chambers.
Mechanoreceptors and small pieces of bones.
Sensory neurons wrap around the base of each mechanoreceptor.

57
Q

Semicircular canals and movement

A

Detection of rotational movement of the head.
Causes endolymph to move, stimulates receptors which then excite sensory neurons that send impulses to midbrain.

58
Q

Vestibule and movement

A

Head movement is detected by the ear stones. When head tips forward of backward they move. Stimulates receptors, send impulses to midbrain.

59
Q

Taste has what kind and how many receptors ?

A

Chemoreceptors and four types

60
Q

Location of taste buds

A

Tongue, fost palate and cheeks

61
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Sharp with no taste buds

62
Q

Fungiform

A

Rounded with taste buds

63
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

large papillae with taste buds

64
Q

Gustatory Cells

A

Have long microvilli
Stimulates by chemicals dissolved in saliva.

65
Q

What cranial nerves receive the taste bud signals?

A

Facial, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus

66
Q

What are the basic flavors

A

Sweet, sour, bitter , salty and umani.

67
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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