A&P Final Exam Review Flashcards
Level of Organization from small to big
Chemical or molecular
Cellular level (cell)
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
What is the anatomical position?
The standard position of the body when standing upright and facing forward with the arms hanging down at the sides and palms facing forward.
Frontal Plane
Section separates anterior and posterior portions of the body.
Sagittal Plane
Separates right left portions of the body.
Transverse Plane
Separates superior and inferior portions of the body.
What does the dorsal body cavity consist of and what is its function?
It is a fluid-filled space in the human body that protects the brain and the spinal cord.
What does the ventral body cavity consists of and what is the function?
It protects all other vital organs in the chest and abdomen. It protects organs from accidental shock and allows changes in the size and shape of internal organs.
What are the two subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity
What organs are found in the thoracic cavity?
Heart and Lungs
What organs are found in the peritoneal cavity?
All organs above the pelvic cavity
What is the retroperitoneal space?
Refers to an area behind the peritoneal cavity but in front of the muscular body wall where the kidneys are located.
Anatomy
The study of structure and organization
Structure determines the function!
Physiology
The study of the function of organisms.
Cells, organs, systemic and pathological.
What are the main physiological variables for which the body attempts to maintain homeostasis?
Temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose, fluid balance, blood pH, electrolytes and blood oxygen levels.
Autoregulation (Intrinsic Regulation)
Built-in response of cell, tissue or organ to change.
Extrinsic Regulation
Response to change is not “built-in” to cells, tissue, or organs. Comes from outside of it. (from nervous and endocrine system)
What are the parts of the homeostatic control system?
Stimulus- initiates change
Receptor- detects the change
Control Center-the instruction
Effector- carries out the instructions
Negative Feedback
The stimulus in the response is in the opposite direction.
Example: high blood glucose- insulin is made by the body or it is administered to lower the blood glucose.
Positive Feedback
Stimulus in the response amplifies.
Example: Blood clotting and contractions.
System Integration
Different body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
Dynamic Equilibrium
The ability of the body to maintain homeostasis constantly.
Atomic Number
Number of protons
Atomic Mass
The sum of protons and neutrons
How do you find the number of neutrons?
Subtract the atomic number from mass number.
Isotopes
The same number of protons, different number of neutrons.
Starch
a polysaccharide carbohydrate that is vital for energy plant storage
Glycogen
A polysaccharide carbohydrate that is an important form of energy storage in muscles. (animals)
Polysaccharide
These are long chains of sugar units.
Polymers of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis.
What are some examples of disaccharides?
Maltose- brewing sugar
Sucrose- table sugar we use every day.
Lactose- Found in dairy
Monosaccharides
Simplest carbohydrates.
Monomers
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose- the primary source of energy for the brain and is found in the blood.
Fructose- an important energy source, can be harmful. Processed by liver.
Galactose- cellular metabolism, contributes to energy storage and production.
Building blocks of lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol
What are the four types of lipds?
Fats, steroids, phospholipids, and waxes.
What are lipids used for?
Long-term energy storage.
The building of fatty molecules is done by?
dehydration
Triglycerides
consists of three fatty acids.
Phospholipids
A major component of the cell membrane.
Amphipathic.
Building blocks- fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate/choline.
Cholesterol
Important steroid component in cell membranes.
High levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease.
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids- joined by peptide bonds.
CHON
Denaturation
Process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation making the protein inactive.
Phosphorylation
Adding a phosphate found changes the function of a protein affecting cellular processes either by speeding up , slowing down, or inhibiting them.
Proteins have
Amino group, carboxyl group and R- functional group.
What determines the function of the protein?
The structure
Sickle cell disease
An inherited blood disorder, that results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin.
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
CHONP
DNA
Consists of two polynucleotides twisted around each other in a double helix.
Contain genetic information
DNA is transcribed into RNA
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Tells what protein is supposed to be made.
RNA is translated into proteins.
What nucleotides are nucleic acids made of?
Phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
