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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of muscle

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

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2
Q

What are some muscle similarities?

A

Excitability
Contractility
Elasticity

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3
Q

Muscle contraction depends on what two kinds of myofilaments

A

Actin and myosin

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4
Q

Microscopic appearance of skeletal muscle

A

Elongated
Multinucleate
Striated

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5
Q

Nervous system control of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary nervous system
Somatic motor neurons

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6
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal muscles?

A

Moves the bones, maintains posture and body position, supports soft tissues, guards body entrances, and exits, maintains body temperature, and stores nutrients

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7
Q

Cardiac Muscle Microscopic appearance

A

Branching cells, single central nucleus , straited and joined to another muscle cell at the intercalated disc.

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8
Q

Nervous system control of cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

Function of cardia muscle

A

pumps oxygen, nutrients throughout the body

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10
Q

Microscopic appearance of smooth muscle

A

Spindle-shaped, single central nucleus, no striations

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11
Q

Location of smooth muscles

A

Around hollow organs including blood vessels.

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12
Q

Origin

A

Attach to bone and does not move.

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13
Q

Insertion

A

Crosses a joint and attaches to bone. Insertion will move towards the origin.

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14
Q

When a muscle contracts, the _____ is pulled toward the _________.

A

Insertion
Origin

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15
Q

Levels of organization of Skeletal Muscle

A

Skeletal muscles, fascicles, muscle fiber, myofibrils, sarcomere.

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15
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

organ
bundle of fascicles
contains epimysium

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16
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundle of fibers
contains perimysium

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17
Q

Muscle fiber

A

cell
Bundles of myofibrils.
Contains endomysium

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18
Q

Myofibrils

A

Repeating contractile units that are called sarcomeres

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19
Q

Sarcomeres

A

Organized unit of myofilaments.
Myosin and actin

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20
Q

A bands are ____
I bands are ______

A

dark
light

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21
Q

M line

A

Anchor for myofilaments, it is the horizontal line in the middle of the sarcomeres.

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22
Q

H band

A

The area where there is only myosin

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23
Q

A band or Zone of Overlap

A

Where both myosin and actin are

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24
Q

Z lines

A

Separates the sarcomeres and marks the beginning of the end of a sarcomere

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25
Q

Titin

A

Stretchy protein that helps it pop back to its original position

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26
Q

I band

A

This is where it is only actin

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27
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds the skeletal muscle

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28
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds the fascicle

29
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds muscle fiber
Blends into connective tissue attachments like tendon (cord-like) or aponeuroses (sheet-like)

29
Q

Sites of muscle attachments

A

Bones
Cartilage
and connective tissue coverings

30
Q

Thick Filaments

A

Myosin
Each myosin molecule has a rod-like tail and two globular heads.

31
Q

Thin Filaments

A

Actin
Actin subunits contain an active site (which myosin heads attach to)

31
Q

What two regulatory subunits does actin contain

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

32
Q

Tropomyosin

A

covers the active site of actin, prevents myosin from attaching

33
Q

Tropinin

A

Can bind to calcium, and when calcium attaches to troponin, it causes tropomyosin to shift away from the active sites on the actin.

34
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane

35
Q

T-Tubules

A

extended from sarcolemma into sarcoplasm.
Carry electrical currents action potentialfrom sarcolemma into the cell interior.
Triggers contraction

36
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of the muscle fibers.

37
Q

Each myofibril is surrounded by ___________.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

38
Q

How does calcium interact with troponin and affect tropomyosin?

A

When calcium binds to troponin, it causes tropomyosin to shift away from the active sites on the actin.

38
Q

What does SR store?

A

Calcium

39
Q

Acetylcholine

A

ACh is a chemical signal that will initiate muscle movement.

39
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

A synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell.

39
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical Sign

40
Q

Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle contraction

A

The concept is that a sarcomere shortens as the thick and thin filaments slide past one another.

40
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Narrow space between a somatic motor neuron and the motor end plate.

40
Q

Recruitment

A

The process by which more and more motor neurons are activated.

40
Q

Motor Unit

A

Consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers controls.

40
Q

What are the two basic mechanisms by which the nervous system produces graded contractions?

A

*Varying the number of fibers that contract
*Varying the rate at which fibers are stimulated

41
Q

Rigor Mortis Occur

A

Muscles remain locked in a contracted state because there is no ATP for relaxation.

41
Q

Action Potential

A

A propagated change in the membrane potential pf excitable cells in initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions.

42
Q

Twitch

A

Results from a single action potential in a motor neuron

43
Q

How many phases does a single twitch have? and what are they?

A

Latent period
Contraction phase
Relaxation phase

44
Q

Treppe

A

A stair-step increase in tension caused by repeated stimulations immediately after the relaxation phase.
(Stimulus frequency <50/Sec)
Seen in cardiac muscles

45
Q

Wave summation

A

Increasing tension due to the summation of twitches. Caused by repeated stimulations before the end of the relaxation phase.
(Stimulus >50/sec)

46
Q

Tetanus

A

Maximum tension

47
Q

Incomplete Tetanus

A

Muscle produces near-maximum tension.
Caused by rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation

48
Q

Complete Tetanus

A

Higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase. Muscle is in continuous contraction. All potential cross-bridges form.

49
Q

What are the two types of muscle contractions?

A

Isotonic and Isometric

50
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

Skeletal muscle changes in length. Resulting in motion.

51
Q

Isotonic Concentric Contraction

A

Muscle tension > load resistance
Muscle shortens!

52
Q

Isotonic Eccentric Contraction

A

Muscle Tension < load (resistance)
Muscle elongates!

53
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Skeletal muscle develops tension that never exceeds the load.
Muscle does not change length.

54
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism

A

Breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen.
Lead to build up of lactic acid.
Causes muscle fatigue.
Yields 2 ATP from one glucose

55
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.
High yield- of approximately 36 ATP.

56
Q

Slow Twitch

A

ATP broken down slowly
Contract slowly
Aerobic metabolism
Store oxygen
Rich blood supply darker in color
Endurance- jogging, swimming, biking.

57
Q

Fast Twitch

A

ATP broken down FAST
Contract quickly
Anaerobic metabolism
Breaks down creatine-P for short bursts of energy.
Poor blood supply white in color
Fatigue quickly from lactic acid build-up.
Power and high-intensity activity such as weight lifting

58
Q

Strength or Resistance Training

A

The amount of actin and myosin and the number of sarcomeres within muscle fibers increases.
The size of individual muscles increases.
The number of muscle fibers does not increase.

59
Q

Endurance or Aerobic Training

A

The number of blood vessels supplying muscles increases.
Muscle fibers do not increase in size or number.

60
Q

Do muscles pull or push?

A

Muscles ONLY pull, NEVER push.

61
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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