Unit 8 Modules 7.1-7.2 Flashcards
Led one of the earliest progressive reforms was the settlement house movement. Founded Hull House, giving counseling for new immigrants, offered instruction in English, Child care for working mothers. Her efforts to help improve the lives of those less fortunate within Chicago and inspired reformers in other cities to build settlement houses to assist the poor
Jane Addams
The settlement house, based on Toynbee Hall in England, established by Jane Addams and Ellen Starr in Chicago in 1889. It served as a center of social reform and provided educational and social opportunities for working-class poor and immigrant women and their children.
Hull House
An Urban reformer who tried to improve the lives of poor workers and children. She helped abolishment of child labor, the passage of protective legislation for working women (10 hours day), the establishment of minimum wage laws
Florence Kelley
The period of US history from the 1890s to the 1920s of intense social and political reform aimed at making progress toward a better society.After the Gilded Age, when a variety of reformers tried to fix problems created during the Gilded Age. This led to demands for equal rights by women, brought new opportunities for women and new ideas about personal rights, led to demands for equal rights by African Americans, Black leaders became inspirations for later generations to demand changes.
Progressive Era
The WCTU fought for this, legal prevention of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. During this era, led to demands for equal rights by women
Prohibition
a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1901 to 1906, who led the way by initiating a range of reforms to improve the performance of state government and increase its accountability to constituents. During his tenure as governor, he dismantled the statewide political machine by instituting direct party primaries, an expanded civil service, a law forbidding direct corporate contributions to political parties, a strengthened railroad regulatory commission, and a graduated income tax. In 1906 he entered the U.S. Senate, where he battled for further reform. Other states picked up and expanded his progressive agenda
Robert La Follette
This allowed citizens to bypass the state Legislature by putting an issue on a state ballot and voting to make it a law. People have the right to propose a new law.
Initiative
A vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision. A law passed by the legislature can be used to the people for approval/veto.
Referendum
This allowed citizens to vote for the removal of an elective official. The people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office.
Recall
Investigative journalists during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who specialized in exposing poverty, monopolies, corruption, scandal, and vice (“Investigate, Educate, Legislate”). They helped build public support for progressive causes. They owned popular monthly magazines, like McClure’s & Colliers, used investigative journalism and photos in order to educate the public.
Muckraking
Early 1900’s muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel “How The Other Half Lives”; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell’s Kitchen
Jacob Riis
A book by Jacob Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements
How the Other Half Lives
Wrote The Shame of the Cities (1904) which exposed urban political corruption, in which it stated that the country could cure American democracy (it’s corruption) by making America more democratic
Lincoln Steffens
Wrote The History of Standard Oil (1904), which revealed Rockefeller’s ruthless business practices and called for the break-up of large monopolies.
Ida Tarbell
Wrote The Jungle (1906) which revealed the unsanitary conditions of slaughterhouses and led to government regulation of food industries
Upton Sinclair
1906 muckraking novel by Upton Sinclair that portrayed the poor working and living conditions in the Chicago meat-packing district, as well as the unsanitary practices in the unregulated meat production industry, leading to a widespread call for government regulation of food safety.
The Jungle
(1905) Debated whether or not a state violated the fourteenth amendment which allowed gis person to regulate his business when he made a contract (he was overworking his employees, which violated the act that bakers should only work 10 hours a day max). Ultimately, it was ruled that the this states law was invalid, and interfered with the freedom of contract.
Lochner v. New York
1908 Supreme Court ruling that upheld an law establishing a ten-hour workday for women. A U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court considered whether a state could limit the amount of hours a woman could work while not also limiting the hours of men
Muller v. Oregon
Organization founded in 1893 that increased public awareness of the social effects of alcohol on society; supported politicians who favored prohibition and promoted statewide referendums in Western and Southern states to ban alcohol.
Anti-Saloon League
an early motion-picture theater where a film or a variety show could be seen, usually for the admission price of a nickel.
“Nickelodeon”
A Women reformer who pushed for laws (and succeeded) that banned prostitution “The Social Evil”. She was a Nurse who Believed in the importance to women’s lives and women’s health of the availability of birth control, and jailed for the distribution of birth control advise and devices because of Comstock Law 1873 (Illegal to deliver or transport “obscene, lewd, or lascivious” material).
Margaret Sanger
clothing factories located in New York City’s Greenwich Village. The Jewish and Italian clothing workers who toiled here worked long hours for little pay. An infamous industrial fire at this factory in New York City in 1911 broke out. Inadequate fire safety provisions led to the deaths of 146 workers, mostly young women and girls. After the fire and following public outrage over the fire and through the efforts of reformers, New York City established a Bureau of Fire Protection, required safety devices in buildings, and prohibited smoking in factories. Furthermore, this tragedy spearheaded legislative efforts to improve working conditions in general, protect women workers, and abolish child labor.
Triangle Shirtwaist Company
became President after McKinley died and made the Square Deal with the Control of Corporations, Consumer Protection, Conservation of natural resources in the U.S. He was a different kind of president because he thought the government ought to take responsibility for the welfare of the people. The first president to regulate big business and break up corporate monopolies, He became known as a “trustbuster” when he used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up the Northern Securities Company in 1902 but he saw the benefit of efficient monopolies, but wanted to control bad trusts. He pressured Congress to create consumer safety laws, Meat Inspection Act in 1906, the Pure Food and Drug Act, and began the first national environmental conservation program
Theodore Roosevelt
born an enslaved person in Virginia and used hard work and education to become a teacher after the Civil War. He founded the Tuskegee Institute, a school to train Black workers and teachers. On race relations, he argued in favor of accommodation: Blacks should work hard, educate themselves, and earn the rights they wanted
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington’s autobiography
Up from Slavery
born in Massachusetts and was the first Black man to earn a doctorate from Harvard. He opposed Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise” and called for immediate civil rights and the promotion of the “Talented Tenth” of young Black leaders. He and other Black leaders led the Niagara Movement.
W.E.B. Du Bois
Book written by WEB DuBois. Talked about the need for Black people to get equality.
The Souls of Black Folk
called for an immediate end to segregation, discrimination, economic and educational equality. This meeting led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 to fight for Black equality.
Niagara Movement
Organization founded by W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Jane Addams, and others in 1909 to fight for racial equality. Their strategy focused on fighting discrimination through the courts.
NAACP
Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Northern Securities v. U.S.
1906 law to prevent the manufacturing, sale, and transportation of harmful “foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors.”. This prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation’s first consumer protection agency, the (FDA).
Food and Drug Act
(founder of the Sierra Club) was both an ally and a critic of TR. He was a preservationist who wanted zero human interaction with America’s natural beauty. naturalist who opposed the construction of a hydroelectric dam and reservoir in Hetch Hetchy valley .He campaigned to save Hetch Hetchy from “ravaging commercialism” and warned against choosing economic gains over spiritual values. This incursion into a national park helped spur the development of environmentalism as a political movement.
John Muir
Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win
Election of 1912
Term used by Woodrow Wilson to describe his limited-government, progressive agenda. This was offered as an alternative to Theodore Roosevelt’s New Nationalism.
New Freedom
1913 amendment providing a legal basis for a graduated income tax, which had been previously deemed unconstitutional.
16th Amendment
in 1913, this allowed citizens to directly elect their US Senators, when before senators were chosen by state legislatures. This mandated that U.S. senators would be elected by popular vote instead of being chosen by state legislatures.
17th Amendment
1918 amendment to the Constitution banning the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. It was repealed in 1933 with the Twenty-First Amendment.
18th Amendment
Amendment to the Constitution granting women the right to vote, passed in 1919, and ratified into law in 1920.
19th Amendment
a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply
Federal Reserve Act
1914 act that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by banning certain corporate operations, such as price discrimination and overlapping membership on company boards, and by protecting labor unions. The Act was designed to encourage economic competition.
Clayton Antitrust Act
Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigating complaints against companies. It is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government charged with preventing unfair or deceptive trade practices, and to give the U.S. government a full complement of legal tools to use against anticompetitive, unfair, and deceptive practices in the marketplace.
Federal Trade Commission
the reform governor of New Jersey. As an alternative to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism, he offered his New Freedom. As a Democrat and a southerner (he was born in Virginia), he had a more limited view of government than did Roosevelt. He envisioned a society of small businesses, with the government’s role confined to ensuring open competition among businesses and freedom for individuals to make the best use of their opportunities. Unlike Roosevelt’s New Nationalism, his New Freedom did not embrace social reform and rejected federal action in support of women’s suffrage and the elimination of child labor. 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women’s suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize
Woodrow Wilson
1916 act preventing the interstate sale of goods made by children under the age of 14, among other protections for children. The Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional in 1918.
Keating-Owen Act
Theodore Roosevelt began the first national environmental conservation program for this when Up to this point in U.S. history, forests were clear-cut and America’s natural resources were exploited, ex: Yellowstone.
National Parks
Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants
Settlement Houses
founded by John Muir, an American organization that promotes environmental conservation. This is dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of America’s great mountains (including the Sierra Nevadas) and wilderness environments. Encouraged by such groups, national and state governments began to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation.
Sierra Club
a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole
Socialism
typically young, male, and either Catholic or Jewish and spoke little or no English. Many were unskilled agricultural laborers with little money or education. Between 1880 and 1921, 70% of all immigrants to the U.S. came from southern and eastern Europe
The “New Immigrants”
27th President of the United States, strict constructionist who wanted to be on the Supreme Court, but Roosevelt picked him to be the Republican Candidate. He angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt’s support and was defeated for a second term.
William Howard Taft
He helped establish the Socialist Party of America, appealing for working-class support by advocating the creation of a more just and humane economic system through the ballot box, not by violent revolution. He appealed not only to industrial workers but also to dispossessed farmers and miners
Eugene Debs
