Unit 3 Modules 3.6- 3.9 Flashcards
Meeting to draft the United States Constitution in Philadelphia from May to September of 1787. This document established the framework for a strong federal government with an executive, legislative, and judicial branch.
Constitutional Convention
plan put forth at the beginning of the 1787 Constitutional Convention that introduced the ideas of a strong central government, a bicameral legislature, and a system of representation based on population.
Virginia Plan
a proposal to the 1787 Constitutional Convention that highlighted the needs of small states, creating one legislative house in the federal government and granting each state equal representation in it.
New Jersey Plan
also known as Connecticut Compromise, it takes in factors from both the Virginia and New Jersey Plan to help solve the problems of representation with a Bicameral Legislature. Representation in the House of Representation was determined by population, while in the Senate the states have equal representation. Members of the House of Representatives were elected by voters in each state, while those in the Senate were appointed by State Legislatures. (The House of Representative introduced tax bills and the Senate had two delegates. Slavery was also a topic in this compromise)
The Great Compromise
compromise between northern and southern delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention that counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a free person in deciding the proportion in the representation of States in the House of Representatives and taxation by the Federal government.
Three-Fifths Compromise
a group compromised of electors who vote in the formal election of the president and vice president after the general election votes are tallied. This was a compromise between determining the president via a direct popular vote or via Congressional vote.
Electoral college
supporters of the ratification of the Constitution, many of whom came from urban and commercial backgrounds.
Federalist
opponents of the ratification of the Constitution. They were generally from more rural and less wealthy backgrounds compared to the Federalists.
Anti-Federalists
85 essay by Federalist Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Published by the New York newspapers throughout the US, it promoted the ratification of the Constitution.
The Federalist paper
established a Supreme Court composed of six Justices along with thirteen district courts and three circuit courts to hear cases appealed from the states. “An act to establish the judicial court of the United States,” signed by President Washington.
The Judiciary Act, 1789
Constitutional division of powers. the process that divides the US central government into three branches, judicial( Supreme Court), legislative( senators), an executive( president). This process helps limit one branch’s power and provide checks and balances to prevent tyranny and an overbearing or too powerful Central Power.
Separation of power
The first 10 amendments in the Constitution. These ten amendments to the Constitution help to reassure Americans who feared that the federal government established under the Constitution would infringe on the rights of individuals and states.
Bill of Rights
Proclamation declaring us neutrality in any conflict between other nations, including France and Great Britain. Britain largely ignored US neutrality and seized American Merchant vessels Heading for France.
Proclamation of Neutrality of 1783
concept proposed by some American political leaders in the 1790s, which supported women’s education so that they could, in turn, instruct their son still in principles of the Republican government.
Republican Motherhood
he painted revolutionary generals while serving in the Continental Army and became best known for his portrait of George Washington. An artist that devoted considerable attention to historical themes after the revolution.
Charles Winston Peale
enslaved women, who was a widow of a Revolutionary soldier, who sued her current slave owner to gain her freedom. When she won, the Supreme Court cited her case when Quock Walker’s, who also was his freedom the same way, former slave owner tried to appeal the local court’s decision, ruling that slavery conflicted with the state constitution.
Mum Bett
1st US president that was unanimously voted on by the electoral college. Him & Adams took to office in April 1789, launching the government under the new, approved Constitution. Their election helped calm the political turmoil happening during everything. He established four administrations (State, War, Treasury, & Justice) to bring order to his administration.
George Washington
1796 treaty that required British forces to withdraw from US soil, required American repayment of debts to British firms, and limited us trade with the British West Indies.
Jay’s Treaty
uprising by western Pennsylvania farmers who led protests against the excise tax on whiskey in the early 1790s.
Whiskey Rebellion
1796 treaty that defined the boundary between US and Spain territories in the South & opened the Mississippi River & New Orleans to US shipping
Pinckney Treaty
offered by Washington in September 1796,when he decided not to run for office again. He warned against the “spirit of party” and how “it agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies & false alarms,” and “kindles the animosity of on part against another,” basically warning everyone about political parties formed after previous events. (ex: Whiskey Rebellion & Jay’s Treaty disagreement.)
Washington’s Farewell Address
Political party that emerged out of opposition to Federalist policies in the 1790s. They chose Thomas Jefferson as their presidential candidate in 1796, 1800, and 1804.
Democratic Republicans
When an American delegation arrived in Paris to negotiate compensation for losses suffered by merchants, whose ships were seized by the French, under the ruling of President Adams US. Three French agents demanded a bribe to initiate talks. This made Amerians, including Democratic Republicans, express outrage at that French insult to US integrity, & made congress quickly approve an embargo act that prohibited trade with France & permitted privateering against French ships. For the next two years, this affair caused the US to fight an undeclared war with France.
XYZ Affair
1798 security acts passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress. One Act allowed the president to imprison or deport noncitizens; the other Act placed significant restrictions on political speech.
Alien & Sedition Acts
1798 act passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress that raised the residency requirement for citizenship from five to fourteen years to delay the naturalization of immigrants who largely voted Democratic Republican.
Naturalization Act
Resolutions passed by legislatures in Virginia & Kentucky that declared the Alien & Sedition Acts (1798) “void and of no force in their states.”
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
The second president of the US, who was also a Federalist. The electoral college chose him with a Democratic-Republican, Thomas Jefferson, as vice president, to run the executive branch trying to bring the warring sides together. However, those two fundamentally disagree over almost everything & divided the administration against itself, which increased those divisions. Opposing interests became more thoroughly entrenched. The new president rarely took advice from his vice president,& retained most of Washington’s appointees, who often sought advice from Hamilton, under cutting his own authority. The new president also had poor political instincts & faced numerous challenges.
John Adams
wife of John Adams, who after women’s diverse contribution to the American Revolution for a patriot victory, wanted more rights for women. She had written to her husband, John, in 1776, “It perticuliar care & attention is not paid to the ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion.”
Abigail Adams
Main goal was to establish the nation’s credit, pay the nation’s debts, & establish a national bank. He planned to resolve debts through government bonds & new taxes, and laid out a system of state-assisted economic development. Most taxes were placed on consumer goods, especially whiskey. This plan greatly helped stabilize the American economy, repay debts, tie wealthy men to the new government, and foreshadowed the growing significance of industry. (Gradually lessened US dependence on European nations) However, new taxes, like the whiskey tax, led to frontier uprisings, like the Whiskey Rebellion.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
When Thomas Jefferson’s support from the entire Western frontier assured his victory over John Adams in the presidential election 1800. This was also when the first peaceful change of executive party, from federalist to Democratic Republican, occurred in choosing of American presidents.
The Revolution of 1800
the undeclared war between France & US’ navies after the XYZ affair during John Adams’ presidency. This war was the new, independent US’ first seaborne conflict for the newly established US Navy and was the first time American neutrality found itself under attack. It was a battle involving trades.
Quasi-War
