Unit 4 Modules 4.3-4.5

Question 1

Agreement between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election that Clay would withdraw from the race in exchange for an appointment in Adams’s cabinet.

Answer 1

Corrupt Bargain

Question 2

Patronage system introduced by Andrew Jackson in which federal offices were awarded on the basis of political loyalty. The system remained in place until the late nineteenth century.

Answer 2

Spoils System

Question 3

White southerners’ name for the 1828 tariff act that benefited northern manufacturers and merchants at the expense of agriculture, especially southern plantations.

Answer 3

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Question 4

The doctrine that individual states have the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional and, therefore, void within their borders. South Carolina attempted to invoke the doctrine of nullification in response to the tariff of 1832.

Answer 4

Nullification

Question 5

1833 bill passed by Congress in response to South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification. It gave the president the authority to use military force to enforce national laws.

Answer 5

Force Bill

Question 6

Severe economic recession that began shortly after Martin Van Buren’s presidential inauguration. This started in the South and was rooted in the changing fortunes of American cotton in Great Britain.

Answer 6

Panic of 1837

Question 7

1830 act, supported by President Andrew Jackson, by which American Indian peoples in the East were forced to exchange their lands for territory west of the Mississippi River.

Answer 7

Indian Removal Act

Question 8

1831 Supreme Court ruling that denied the Cherokee claim to be a separate independent nation, ruling that all American Indian nations were “domestic dependent nations” rather than fully sovereign governments. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee over Georgia.

Answer 8

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Question 9

The forced march of 15,000 Cherokees from Georgia to areas west of the Mississippi River that were designated as Indian Territory, beginning in 1831. Inadequate planning, food, water, sanitation, and medicine led to the deaths of thousands of Cherokees.

Answer 9

Trail of Tears

Question 10

Political party formed in the 1830s to challenge the power of the Democratic Party. They attempted to forge a diverse coalition from around the country by promoting commercial interests and moral reforms. They were also against Andrew Jackson.

Answer 10

Whig Party

Question 11

an unofficial cabinet/ unofficial advisors that the Government listens to instead of the Official cabinet. Andrew Jackson was the first president to have this and was made up of his trusted friends and political supporters that often met in the White House Kitchen. They supported Prez Jackson in such efforts as the Bank War, and the implementation of the Spoils System.

Answer 11

Kitchen Cabinet

Question 12

Election of all democratic-republicans and John Quincy Adams won, with the help of Henry Clay throwing his House influence for Adams. Adams, as a result and a part of the deal, named Henry Clay the Secretary of State (the office thought at the time it was a stepping stone to presidency). Andrew Jackson called this the Corrupt Bargain.

Answer 12

Election of 1824

Question 13

The rematch of the previous election. Jackson won this election. By this point the Era of Good Feelings was over. Opponents from both parties portrayed each other with nasty attacks and depictions (Adams was portrayed as a snobby Aristocrat, while Jackson was being portrayed as illiterate murder, and Jackson’s wife, Rachel Robands, was in the crossfire, later dying from a heartattack but Jackson claimed slander killed her).

Answer 13

Election of 1828

Question 14

Bill vetoed by president Jackson. It was a bill to pay for the extension of the Cumberland Road built in Kentucky, and asked for federal funding. Jackson claimed that states should spend their own money on internal improvements.

Answer 14

Maysville Road Bill

Question 15

1829 political conflict over Andrew Jackson’s appointment of John Eaton as secretary of war. Eaton was married to a woman (Peggy Eaton) of allegedly questionable character, and the wives of many prominent Washington politicians organized a campaign to snub her.

Answer 15

Petticoat Affair

Question 16

Published by John C. Calhoun in 1828, arguing that states should have the ultimate power to determine the Constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. This publicly showed the Vice President’s (John C. Calhoun’s ) support for the power of states, south Carolina in this case, to be able to nullify federal laws.

Answer 16

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Question 17

confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832–33 over South Carolina’s attempt to declare the nullification of the federal law, in the Ordinance of Nullification law of 1832. This event eventually led to The Compromise Tariff of 1833 by Henry Clay.

Answer 17

Nullification Crisis

Question 18

sometimes called the Age of Jackson, where there was an extension of democracy to nearly all white men. At this time almost all adult white men had gained the right to vote, and more government positions became elective rather than appointive. This was during Jackson’s presidency and because the middle class white man had increased voting rights, this allowed Jackson to be elected.

Answer 18

“Age of the Common Man”

Question 19

War in 1832 between the United States and Native Americans. This was also the last Native resistance to white settlement in the region around Illinois/ Chicago. Afterwards, Sauk leader, Black Hawk, follower was expelled to the west, this left most of the former Northwest Territory to white settlement.

Answer 19

Black Hawk War

Question 20

a decisive political battle during Jackson’s presidency over the renewal of the Second Bank of the United States’ charter. This was between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay.

Answer 20

Bank War

Question 21

This case is that it prevented state governments from having control over private entities. When the Supreme Court ruled that the state of New Hampshire had violated the contract clause in its attempt to install a new board of trustees for Dartmouth College.

Answer 21

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Question 22

U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the principle that states cannot, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate commerce. This case originated in a dispute over shipping monopolies in New York, and ended with the Supreme Court deciding the New York state law granting monopoly navigation rights was unconstitutional and that the federal government has authority over interstate commerce.

Answer 22

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Question 23

claimed that the states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land. This infuriated Jackson and led directly to forced removal of Cherokee Natives in 1838 in the trail of tears.

Answer 23

Worcester v Georgia

Question 24

state banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive surplus Treasury funds in 1833, they were also state run banks that were loyal to President Andrew Jackson. Created by Jackson with the intention to keep state banks loyal to his administration.

Answer 24

“Pet Banks”

Question 25

conflicts between the United States and the native Indians of Florida in the period before the American Civil War that ultimately resulted in the opening of the Seminole’s desirable land for white exploitation and settlement. Fiercest war waged by the U.S. government against American Indians, after Spain gave their North American land to the US and was caused by disputes over land, trade, and slavery.

Answer 25

Seminole Wars

Question 26

the territorial governor who tricked Native leaders into signing a treaty that sold their lands to the US. This enraged Tecumseh and led to the War of Fallen Timbers with US and Natives during Madison’s presidency. The ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe and was in Whigs Party who petitioned against Cherokee removal. He was also supported by Daniel Webster.

Answer 26

William Henry Harrison

Question 27

the eighth president of the United States who was pro Jackson. He passed the Divorce Bill which placed the federal surplus in vaults located in large cities and denied the backing system. Democratic-Republican who led the fight to eliminate property qualifications for voting for white men. He was the President who confronted ongoing challenges from American Indian nations. Nickname was the “Little Magician,” who defeated Whig candidate William Henry Harrison in the 1836 Presidential election. His presidency was marred by the panic of 1837 nad he enforced the trail of tears.

Answer 27

Martin Van Buren

Question 28

Virginia gentleman and a one time Democrat, joined the Whigs because of his opposition to Jackson’s stand on nullification. Whig leaders hoped he would attract southern votes. He later became the tenth President when President William Henry Harrison died, the first Vice President to become the president after the pre-president’s death.

Answer 28

John Tyler

Question 29

A mid-nineteenth century American artistic movement in which artists painted romanticized landscapes, primarily from New York’s Catskill and Adirondack Mountains.

Answer 29

Hudson River School

Question 30

the inventor of the telegraph, was among the most popular anti-immigrant spokesmen. Irish Catholics were often targeted.

Answer 30

Samuel F. B. Morse

Question 31

The founder of this transcendentalist school of thought. Raised a Unitarian, he began challenging the church’s ideas. His 1836 essay entitled “Nature” expounded his newfound belief in a Universal Being. His natural world was distinctly American and suggested that moral perfection could be achieved in the United States.

Answer 31

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Question 32

Whig senator that spoke to a gathering of 1,200 women, to encourage their brothers and husbands to vote for Harrison. He was an enthusiastic nationalist, who was for the Union and opposed Nullification. He signed the Webster-Ashburton Treaty when he was Secretary of State.

Answer 32

Daniel Webster

Question 33

6th president who won the election of 1824, or the “corrupt bargain”, through Henry Clay’s throwing of his House influence. Son of John Adams and when he was secretary of state, under president Madison, he helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent and opposed the Monroe Doctrine. As president, he supported the American System and signed off the Tariff of Abominations which led to the decline in his popularity.

Answer 33

John Quincy Adams

Question 34

an executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring that payment for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver. This was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it.

Answer 34

Specie Circular

Question 35

the president of the Second Bank of the United States who made it the first effective central bank in U.S. history. He was Jackson’s chief antagonist in a conflict that resulted in termination of the bank when they became embroiled in a political battle. The closing of the 2nd bank later caused the country to be thrown into financial turmoil and an economic recession hit in 1837, the Panic of 1837.

Answer 35

Nicholas Biddle

Question 36

American novelist who is best remembered for his novels, one called “The Leather stocking Tales and Last of the Mohicans”. He was a white frontiersman who grew up among the indigenous Delaware People.

Answer 36

James Fenimore Cooper

Question 37

He was of French descent, and an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. He had such works as Birds of America and Passenger Pigeons. A society was created in his name.

Answer 37

John James Audubon

Question 38

signed by United States Secretary of State Daniel Webster during John Tyler’s administration. This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain established the northeastern boundary of the U.S. and providing for Anglo–U.S. cooperation in the suppression of the slave trade.

Answer 38

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Question 39

American author who published a short story about a man named “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. The RIP story revealed a lot about how Americans thought about the amount of social change that accompanied the American Revolution.

Answer 39

Washington Irving

Question 40

Previous war hawk, who became the vice president during Jackson’s presidency. He was from South Carolina and opposed the Tariff of 1828, or the Tariff of Abominations, and wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, where he addressed Jackson that if the Tariff is not revoked, South Carolina would nullify the tariff.

Answer 40

John C. Calhoun

Question 41

The great compromiser who proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833, Compromise of 1850, and Missouri Compromise. He helped John Quincy Adams win the election of 1824 when he made a deal to give him his House support for a secretary of state position. He also later became a Whigs Party member to go against Andrew Jackson. He was also a Kentucky Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Answer 41

Henry Clay

Question 42

was deemed as a War hero from the War of 1812. The 7th President, who was also a democratic. He called the election of 1824, a corrupt bargain, and won against John Quincy Adams in the Election of 1828. He was the president that was known to be a murder and crazy. He was also the president that defied the Supreme Court’s orders and passed a law that forced the removal of the Cherokee natives, and he was the one that killed the 2nd bank of the US. He supported Peggy Eaton since his wife, Rachel Jackson, “died of slander”. He supported state power and a strict constitution, but he also wanted the presidents to have more power.

Answer 42

Andrew Jackson