Unit 8: Diseases Of The Blood, The Heart, And Blood Vessels Flashcards
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
•Produced in red bone marrow
•4,000,000 - 5,000,000 cells/µl of blood
•Function - carry oxygen to cells & tissues, and CO2 out of tissues
Leucocytes
White Blood Cells
•Produced in red bone marrow, some in lymph tissue
•5000 - 9000 cells/microliter (µl) of blood
•Function – inflammation, immunity
Platelets
Thrombocytes
•Produced in red bone marrow
•150,000 - 450,000 cells/µl of blood
•Function – blood clotting
Leucocytosis (leukocytosis)
increase in number of WBC in blood
•usually occurs to fight infection
–may be physiological; more common, or
–pathological
•more than 9,000 cells/µl , up to 50,000
•the more severe the infection, the higher the number
•50,000 - 800,000 cells/µl, indicate cancer of WBC producing tissue, i.e. Leukemia
Leucopenia (leukopenia)
abnormal reduction in number of WBC in blood
•usually due to damage to bone marrow or lymphatic tissue
Hematopoietic (hemopoietic) Disorders
•associated with formation of blood & blood components
Leukemia
•literally means, “white blood“
•cancer of WBC producing structures/organs (bone marrow, lymphatic tissue, or spleen)
production of immature WBC
•#1 cause of cancer & cancer deaths in children
•20-70% survival rate
Leukemia: Types
- Acute in children
- Chronic in adults
Types based on cell type:
•Granulocytic
•Lymphocytic
•Monocytic
Granulocytic Leukemia
800,000/µl
•granulocytes (neutrophils) in high numbers
•may be caused by exposure to radiation
•severe anemia, remissions are common
Lymphocytic Leukemia
200,000/µl
•some types may be caused by viruses
•Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - most common in children (age 3-6)
•cause severe anemia, pneumonia, infections
•remissions are common; 80%+ survival rate
Monocytic Leukemia
50,000 -200,000 cells/µl •may be caused by chemicals •higher risk of severe infections (less of anemia) •remissions are rare •higher death rate than the others –~ 25% survival rate
Polycythemia vera (primary polycythemia)
bone marrow makes too many RBCs causing thickening of blood
- slower blood flow
- greater risk of forming blood clots
Symptoms of Polycythemia vera
- headache, dizziness, itchiness &redness of skin
- fatigue, shortness of breath
- numbness, tingling, burning or weakness in your hands, feet, arms or legs
- enlarged spleen
Erythrocytosis
increase in number of RBC in blood (increased hematocrit)
Etiology of Erythrocytosis
- Hereditary condition
- Excess blood in transfusion
- Underactive spleen (removes & destroys old RBC)
- Polycythemia vera
Erythrocytosis may result in..
- Plethora (too much blood) or
- higher risk of forming blood clots/thrombi
- extra strain on heart
- Congestive heart failure
- Ischemia
- Cyanosis
- enlarged spleen
Erythrocytopenia
decreased number of RBC in blood (decreased hematocrit ), may result in Anemia
Anemia
decrease in normal number of RBC or quantity of hemoglobin in blood leading to:
- decrease in oxygen delivery
- loss of energy
Primary Anemia
- chronic, hematologic disease (concerned with blood or blood-forming structures)
- low hemoglobin level
Secondary Anemia
develops as a complication of another disease
•nonhematologic disease
•persisting longer than 2-6 months
•may provide a diagnostic clue to a chronic disease, e.g., chronic osteomyelitis
Two types of Anemia
•Increased Destruction Anemia:
–RBCs are being destroyed
•Decreased Production Anemia:
–producing less RBCs than normal
Etiology of Increased Destruction Anemia
–hemorrhage
–injury or trauma
–genetic
–infections
Sickle Cell Anemia
•genetic mutation resulting in hemoglobin S
•cells of weird shape, form clots
-spleen traps & destroys them
•results in tachycardia, fatigue, dyspnea
(Increased Destruction Anemia)
Erythroblastosis fetalis (primary)
•mom & baby have different blood types; common condition
–baby’s RBCs are immature & larger than normal (with nucleus)
-may form blood clots
-trapped in spleen & destroyed
(Increased Destruction Anemia)
Hypersplenism (secondary)
•overactive spleen due to mononucleosis or liver cancer
•may cause splenomegaly
(Increased Destruction Anemia)
Etiology of Decreased Production Anemia
Under active bone marrow due to: •radiation •chemical poisons •leukemia or bone cancer (osteosarcoma) -Chlorosis -Aplastic Anemia -Pernicious anemia -Megaloblastic anemia
Chlorosis
chemical poison (lead or mercury) -damages bone marrow
Aplastic Anemia
damage to bone marrow of unknown origin (idiopathic)
•bone marrow suppressed, does not produce enough, or any, blood cells
•could be due to chemicals, radiation, infection, or metabolic disorders
Pernicious anemia
vitamin B12 deficiency
•due to lack of intrinsic factor in stomach
•common in women following childbirth or malnutrition disorder
Megaloblastic anemia
deficiency of B12 & folic acid
•megablasts - large blood cells
•associated with pernicious anemia
Bleeding Disorder: Thrombocytopenia
decrease in number of platelets
–less than 60,000 platelets/µl blood
•due to damaged bone marrow, e.g., radiation, chemicals, cancer (leukemia)
Thrombocytopenia may result in..
decreased ability to clot or coagulate blood
–bruise & bleed easily
-resulting in hemorrhage, circulatory shock
-immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Bleeding Disorder:
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
•immune system destroys its own platelets
•spontaneous bleeding in subcutaneous tissues
-purple patches on skin
–e.g., acute pediatric viral illness
Bleeding Disorder - Hemophilia
•X-linked (more common in males) or somatic inherited hemorrhagic disease
•abnormal or absent clotting factor
-inability to clot blood
Severe hemophilia
- hemarthrosis (bleeding into joint)
- painful joint deformity
Symptoms of Hemophilia
- excessive, prolonged, sometimes spontaneous bleeding
* frequent epistaxis (nosebleeds), bruising
Predisposing Factors of Heart & Blood Vessel Diseases
- Heredity
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Elevated cholesterol levels
- Social factors: smoking, substance abuse, stress or diet
Dilatation (Dilation)
thinning & stretching of myocardium fibers
•heart enlarges
-cannot pump efficiently (abnormal rate)
-muscle cells stretch and get thinner
–excess blood in left ventricle
-may affect aortic valve
•tends to be chronic
Etiology of Dilatation (Dilation)
•blockage of thoracic aorta due to arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) or plaque
- aorta narrows
- blood back to heart
- heart muscle stretches in response
Hypertrophy
-enlargement of the heart ventricles
•may result from blockage of aorta
•heart pumps faster
-thickening of heart muscle to allow heart to pump faster (compensatory mechanism)
Hypertrophy results in
hypersensitive heart disease
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
Main cause of Pericarditis
respiratory viruses & bacteria (lungs & bronchi) •trauma •scar tissue forms -resulting in pressure on the heart -heart beats more rapidly -weakened heart action -Heart Failure
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle), usually wall of left ventricle
Myocarditis is caused by
Bacterial or viral infections
-Usually from respiratory infections such as strep, flu, staph, and pneumonia
Myocarditis causes what?
Tissue on the heart muscle which interferes with blood flow through coronary artery, resulting in chest pains and dizziness
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium (interlining (tunic) of the heart)
- usually valves, most commonly mitral valve
- infected heart valve result in inflammation
- scar tissue (vegetations) on the valve makes valve rigid and chunks of scar tissue can break off and become emboli
Endocarditis is caused by
Bacteria and viruses in blood
-most common respiratory infections: flu, cold, sore throat (#1 is streptococcus bacteria)
Valvular defects
Related to heart valves:
- valvular insufficiency (valvular prolapse),
- valvular stenosis
Valvular insufficiency
Failure of heart valve to close completely, allowing blood to regurgitate (leak back)
-results in valvular prolapse which is an abnormally enlarged and floppy valve
Valvular stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of the valve that restricts bloodflow
Rheumatic
Autoimmune reaction
Rheumatic fever
Condition of permanent damage to heart valves, usually follows strep throat infection
What happens during rheumatic fever?
The immune system produces antibodies to fight streptococcus bacteria–> antibodies attached to tissues of the heart (& joints causing arthritis)–> phagocytize The heart by mistake (myocarditis)–>scar tissue forms–>weaken the valve–> valve will leak & regurgitate blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium –> heart murmurs
Coronary artery disease
Blockage in coronary artery (feed blood to heart)
- Depriving the heart muscle of oxygen
- # 1 cause of sudden death (40%)
Etiology of coronary artery disease
- atherosclerosis–>arteriosclerosis
- thrombus (thrombosis)
- embolus (embolism)
- spasms
Coronary artery disease results in…
Ischemia and infarction
- most often in left ventricle
- chest pain, dizziness, bypass surgery
Cardiac failure
Inability of heart to supply adequate blood flow and oxygen to peripheral tissues and organs
Acute cardiac failure
Rapid, may result from:
- cardiopulmonary bypass surgery
- acute myocardial infarction
- valve dysfunction
- severe arrhythmias
Chronic cardiac failure
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure
General weakening of the heart overtime leading to heart failure.
What happens in congestive heart failure?
Heart cannot pump enough blood to body organs
- heart cannot clear blood
- blood pooling in the heart
- the heart drowns in it’s on blood
- results in severe chest pain.
Myocardial infarction
Area of necrotic tissue in the heart caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area
-due to coronary thrombosis
Cardiomyopathy
Disease or disorder of the heart muscle (myocardium)
Cardiomyopathy is caused by
Viral infections, heart attack, alcoholism, long-term severe high blood pressure or other unknown causes
- can be severely disabling or fatal
Carditis (pancarditis)
Inflammation of the entire heart and it’s surrounding
Congenital heart defects
Failure to develop normal heart
-caused by infections in utero (rubella, syphilis, HIV)
Types of congenital heart defects
- Dextrocardia-on the wrong side (heart can be too small)
- Valvular defect- rearrangement of valves or abnormal valve structure
- Septal defect- hole in the septum of heart
- Tetralogy of Fallot-4 related heart defects
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus- aorta and pulmonary artery are connected to each other
- Coarctation of the aorta- constricted segment of the aorta usually above the heart
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Hypertension causes what?
Pathologic effects on the heart, blood vessels and the body in general. Heart pumps at pressure greater than normal.
- systolic = heart contracts (pumps)
- diastolic = heart relaxes
Blood pressure
Optimal: 120/80
Normal: 130/85
Types of hypertension: primary
- Essential hypertension
- benign hypertension
- malignant hypertension
Essential hypertension
- 90% of all cases, no single cause
- can last for decades, 10 to 40 years
Predisposing factors of essential hypertension
Stress, diet (fats, salt), Nicotine, obesity, hereditary, arteriosclerosis
Benign hypertension
(Mild, does not threaten health or life)– blood pressure 140/90
Malignant hypertension
Blood pressure 160/110+; difficult to lower, even with medications Death is usually due to: -Stroke -kidney failure -heart failure
Types of hypertension: secondary
- 10% of all cases
- has a definite cause
- acute and life threatening
- blood pressure 220/110
Secondary hypertension etiology
- Kidney disease
- adrenal gland disease,too much adrenaline
- chemical in balance: meds, narcotics
If the heart weakens over time–> congestive heart failure
Disease of blood vessels: Arteritis
Inflammation of medium and large arteries
Types of Arteritis
- endoarteritis
- periarteritis
Endoarteritis
Inflammation of lumen or inner wall of artery
-caused by blood clots, arteriosclerosis,emboli from within the bloodstream.
Periarteritis
Inflammation of outer wall of artery
-caused by external trauma
Periarteritis results in
Scar tissue, blockage, hemorrhage
sometimes defined by its cause, e.g., syphilitic Arteritis.
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening & thickening, loss of elasticity & calcification of Arterial walls
-results in impaired blood circulation
Etiology of arteriosclerosis
Develops with aging,hypertension, or diabetes–> fat plaques collect on blood vessel wall—> irritate wall—> Arteritis—> calcium deposits—> scar tissue.
Atherosclerosis
-type of arteriosclerosis
Thickening of the inner lining of arterial walls
-characterized by deposit of cholesterol plaques, lipids,or cellular debris on inner walls of arteries
Aneurysm
Local dilation of wall of blood vessel, primary arteries
Aneurysm etiology
- internal blockage due to clot, embolus, arteriosclerosis, plaque
- external pressure due to tumor
Danger of aneurysm
Rupture, resulting in hemorrhage in brain, or abdomen.
Aneurysm types
- saccular
- fusiform/spindle
- dissecting
Saccular aneurysm
Resembles small sack; artery, vein, or heart
Fusiform/spindle aneurysm
Resembles swollen Tube
Dissecting aneurysm
Blood flows between layers of vessel wall; most dangerous, likely to rupture because of pressure in the center of it.
Phlebitis
Inflammation of vein
Phlebitis etiology
- blockage of vein
- external pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, pressure, weakened heart action
Phlebitis results in
- local pain (pressure on nerves)
- veins hold blood (pool with blood)
- inflammation restricts blood flow
- vein blue & stretched —> varicose vein
Varicose vein
Enlarged (dilated), tortuous blood vessel
- more likely to affect ascending veins
- occurs chiefly in the superficial veins of:
- rectal lining (internal or external hemorrhoids–piles)
- scrotum
- legs
Etiology of Leucopenia
–radiation
–chemical poisons
–some infections
Leucopenia Results in..
anemia, infections, bleeding, bruising
