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Pathology > Unit 8: Diseases Of The Blood, The Heart, And Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Unit 8: Diseases Of The Blood, The Heart, And Blood Vessels Flashcards

0
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells
•Produced in red bone marrow
•4,000,000 - 5,000,000 cells/µl of blood
•Function - carry oxygen to cells & tissues, and CO2 out of tissues

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1
Q

Leucocytes

A

White Blood Cells
•Produced in red bone marrow, some in lymph tissue
•5000 - 9000 cells/microliter (µl) of blood
•Function – inflammation, immunity

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2
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes
•Produced in red bone marrow
•150,000 - 450,000 cells/µl of blood
•Function – blood clotting

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3
Q

Leucocytosis (leukocytosis)

A

increase in number of WBC in blood
•usually occurs to fight infection
–may be physiological; more common, or
–pathological
•more than 9,000 cells/µl , up to 50,000
•the more severe the infection, the higher the number
•50,000 - 800,000 cells/µl, indicate cancer of WBC producing tissue, i.e. Leukemia

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4
Q

Leucopenia (leukopenia)

A

abnormal reduction in number of WBC in blood

•usually due to damage to bone marrow or lymphatic tissue

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5
Q

Hematopoietic (hemopoietic) Disorders

A

•associated with formation of blood & blood components

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6
Q

Leukemia

A

•literally means, “white blood“
•cancer of WBC producing structures/organs (bone marrow, lymphatic tissue, or spleen)
production of immature WBC
•#1 cause of cancer & cancer deaths in children
•20-70% survival rate

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7
Q

Leukemia: Types

A
  • Acute in children
  • Chronic in adults

Types based on cell type:
•Granulocytic
•Lymphocytic
•Monocytic

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8
Q

Granulocytic Leukemia

A

800,000/µl
•granulocytes (neutrophils) in high numbers
•may be caused by exposure to radiation
•severe anemia, remissions are common

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9
Q

Lymphocytic Leukemia

A

200,000/µl
•some types may be caused by viruses
•Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - most common in children (age 3-6)
•cause severe anemia, pneumonia, infections
•remissions are common; 80%+ survival rate

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10
Q

Monocytic Leukemia

A 
50,000 -200,000 cells/µl
•may be caused by chemicals
•higher risk of severe infections (less of anemia)
•remissions are rare
•higher death rate than the others
–~ 25% survival rate
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11
Q

Polycythemia vera (primary polycythemia)

A

bone marrow makes too many RBCs causing thickening of blood

  • slower blood flow
  • greater risk of forming blood clots
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12
Q

Symptoms of Polycythemia vera

A
  • headache, dizziness, itchiness &redness of skin
  • fatigue, shortness of breath
  • numbness, tingling, burning or weakness in your hands, feet, arms or legs
  • enlarged spleen
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13
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

increase in number of RBC in blood (increased hematocrit)

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14
Q

Etiology of Erythrocytosis

A
  • Hereditary condition
  • Excess blood in transfusion
  • Underactive spleen (removes & destroys old RBC)
  • Polycythemia vera
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15
Q

Erythrocytosis may result in..

A
  • Plethora (too much blood) or
  • higher risk of forming blood clots/thrombi
  • extra strain on heart
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Ischemia
  • Cyanosis
  • enlarged spleen
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16
Q

Erythrocytopenia

A

decreased number of RBC in blood (decreased hematocrit ), may result in Anemia

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17
Q

Anemia

A

decrease in normal number of RBC or quantity of hemoglobin in blood leading to:

  • decrease in oxygen delivery
  • loss of energy
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18
Q

Primary Anemia

A
  • chronic, hematologic disease (concerned with blood or blood-forming structures)
  • low hemoglobin level
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19
Q

Secondary Anemia

A

develops as a complication of another disease
•nonhematologic disease
•persisting longer than 2-6 months
•may provide a diagnostic clue to a chronic disease, e.g., chronic osteomyelitis

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20
Q

Two types of Anemia

A

•Increased Destruction Anemia:
–RBCs are being destroyed

•Decreased Production Anemia:
–producing less RBCs than normal

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21
Q

Etiology of Increased Destruction Anemia

A

–hemorrhage
–injury or trauma
–genetic
–infections

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22
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

•genetic mutation resulting in hemoglobin S
•cells of weird shape, form clots
-spleen traps & destroys them
•results in tachycardia, fatigue, dyspnea
(Increased Destruction Anemia)

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23
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis (primary)

A

•mom & baby have different blood types; common condition
–baby’s RBCs are immature & larger than normal (with nucleus)
-may form blood clots
-trapped in spleen & destroyed
(Increased Destruction Anemia)

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24
Q

Hypersplenism (secondary)

A

•overactive spleen due to mononucleosis or liver cancer
•may cause splenomegaly
(Increased Destruction Anemia)

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25
Q

Etiology of Decreased Production Anemia

A 
Under active bone marrow due to:
•radiation
•chemical poisons
•leukemia or bone cancer (osteosarcoma)
-Chlorosis
-Aplastic Anemia 
-Pernicious anemia
-Megaloblastic anemia
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26
Q

Chlorosis

A 
chemical poison (lead or mercury) 
-damages bone marrow
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27
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

damage to bone marrow of unknown origin (idiopathic)
•bone marrow suppressed, does not produce enough, or any, blood cells
•could be due to chemicals, radiation, infection, or metabolic disorders

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28
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

vitamin B12 deficiency
•due to lack of intrinsic factor in stomach
•common in women following childbirth or malnutrition disorder

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29
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

deficiency of B12 & folic acid
•megablasts - large blood cells
•associated with pernicious anemia

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30
Q

Bleeding Disorder: Thrombocytopenia

A

decrease in number of platelets
–less than 60,000 platelets/µl blood
•due to damaged bone marrow, e.g., radiation, chemicals, cancer (leukemia)

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31
Q

Thrombocytopenia may result in..

A

decreased ability to clot or coagulate blood
–bruise & bleed easily
-resulting in hemorrhage, circulatory shock
-immune thrombocytopenic purpura

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32
Q

Bleeding Disorder:

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

•immune system destroys its own platelets
•spontaneous bleeding in subcutaneous tissues
-purple patches on skin
–e.g., acute pediatric viral illness

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33
Q

Bleeding Disorder - Hemophilia

A

•X-linked (more common in males) or somatic inherited hemorrhagic disease
•abnormal or absent clotting factor
-inability to clot blood

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34
Q

Severe hemophilia

A
  • hemarthrosis (bleeding into joint)

- painful joint deformity

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35
Q

Symptoms of Hemophilia

A
  • excessive, prolonged, sometimes spontaneous bleeding

* frequent epistaxis (nosebleeds), bruising

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36
Q

Predisposing Factors of Heart & Blood Vessel Diseases

A
  • Heredity
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • Elevated cholesterol levels
  • Social factors: smoking, substance abuse, stress or diet
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37
Q

Dilatation (Dilation)

A

thinning & stretching of myocardium fibers
•heart enlarges
-cannot pump efficiently (abnormal rate)
-muscle cells stretch and get thinner
–excess blood in left ventricle
-may affect aortic valve
•tends to be chronic

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38
Q

Etiology of Dilatation (Dilation)

A

•blockage of thoracic aorta due to arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) or plaque

  • aorta narrows
  • blood back to heart
  • heart muscle stretches in response
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39
Q

Hypertrophy

A

-enlargement of the heart ventricles
•may result from blockage of aorta
•heart pumps faster
-thickening of heart muscle to allow heart to pump faster (compensatory mechanism)

40
Q

Hypertrophy results in

A

hypersensitive heart disease

41
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

42
Q

Main cause of Pericarditis

A 
respiratory viruses & bacteria (lungs & bronchi)
•trauma
•scar tissue forms 
-resulting in pressure on the heart 
-heart beats more rapidly 
-weakened heart action 
-Heart Failure
43
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle), usually wall of left ventricle

44
Q

Myocarditis is caused by

A

Bacterial or viral infections

-Usually from respiratory infections such as strep, flu, staph, and pneumonia

45
Q

Myocarditis causes what?

A

Tissue on the heart muscle which interferes with blood flow through coronary artery, resulting in chest pains and dizziness

46
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardium (interlining (tunic) of the heart)

  • usually valves, most commonly mitral valve
  • infected heart valve result in inflammation
  • scar tissue (vegetations) on the valve makes valve rigid and chunks of scar tissue can break off and become emboli
47
Q

Endocarditis is caused by

A

Bacteria and viruses in blood

-most common respiratory infections: flu, cold, sore throat (#1 is streptococcus bacteria)

48
Q

Valvular defects

A

Related to heart valves:

  • valvular insufficiency (valvular prolapse),
  • valvular stenosis
49
Q

Valvular insufficiency

A

Failure of heart valve to close completely, allowing blood to regurgitate (leak back)
-results in valvular prolapse which is an abnormally enlarged and floppy valve

50
Q

Valvular stenosis

A

Abnormal narrowing of the valve that restricts bloodflow

51
Q

Rheumatic

A

Autoimmune reaction

52
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

Condition of permanent damage to heart valves, usually follows strep throat infection

53
Q

What happens during rheumatic fever?

A

The immune system produces antibodies to fight streptococcus bacteria–> antibodies attached to tissues of the heart (& joints causing arthritis)–> phagocytize The heart by mistake (myocarditis)–>scar tissue forms–>weaken the valve–> valve will leak & regurgitate blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium –> heart murmurs

54
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Blockage in coronary artery (feed blood to heart)

  • Depriving the heart muscle of oxygen
  • # 1 cause of sudden death (40%)
55
Q

Etiology of coronary artery disease

A
  • atherosclerosis–>arteriosclerosis
  • thrombus (thrombosis)
  • embolus (embolism)
  • spasms
56
Q

Coronary artery disease results in…

A

Ischemia and infarction

  • most often in left ventricle
  • chest pain, dizziness, bypass surgery
57
Q

Cardiac failure

A

Inability of heart to supply adequate blood flow and oxygen to peripheral tissues and organs

58
Q

Acute cardiac failure

A

Rapid, may result from:

  • cardiopulmonary bypass surgery
  • acute myocardial infarction
  • valve dysfunction
  • severe arrhythmias
59
Q

Chronic cardiac failure

A

Congestive heart failure

60
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

General weakening of the heart overtime leading to heart failure.

61
Q

What happens in congestive heart failure?

A

Heart cannot pump enough blood to body organs

  • heart cannot clear blood
  • blood pooling in the heart
  • the heart drowns in it’s on blood
  • results in severe chest pain.
62
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Area of necrotic tissue in the heart caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area
-due to coronary thrombosis

63
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease or disorder of the heart muscle (myocardium)

64
Q

Cardiomyopathy is caused by

A

Viral infections, heart attack, alcoholism, long-term severe high blood pressure or other unknown causes
- can be severely disabling or fatal

65
Q

Carditis (pancarditis)

A

Inflammation of the entire heart and it’s surrounding

66
Q

Congenital heart defects

A

Failure to develop normal heart

-caused by infections in utero (rubella, syphilis, HIV)

67
Q

Types of congenital heart defects

A
  • Dextrocardia-on the wrong side (heart can be too small)
  • Valvular defect- rearrangement of valves or abnormal valve structure
  • Septal defect- hole in the septum of heart
  • Tetralogy of Fallot-4 related heart defects
  • Patent Ductus Arteriosus- aorta and pulmonary artery are connected to each other
  • Coarctation of the aorta- constricted segment of the aorta usually above the heart
68
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

69
Q

Hypertension causes what?

A

Pathologic effects on the heart, blood vessels and the body in general. Heart pumps at pressure greater than normal.

  • systolic = heart contracts (pumps)
  • diastolic = heart relaxes
70
Q

Blood pressure

A

Optimal: 120/80
Normal: 130/85

71
Q

Types of hypertension: primary

A
  • Essential hypertension
  • benign hypertension
  • malignant hypertension
72
Q

Essential hypertension

A
  • 90% of all cases, no single cause

- can last for decades, 10 to 40 years

73
Q

Predisposing factors of essential hypertension

A

Stress, diet (fats, salt), Nicotine, obesity, hereditary, arteriosclerosis

74
Q

Benign hypertension

A

(Mild, does not threaten health or life)– blood pressure 140/90

75
Q

Malignant hypertension

A 
Blood pressure 160/110+; difficult to lower, even with medications
Death is usually due to:
-Stroke
-kidney failure
-heart failure
76
Q

Types of hypertension: secondary

A
  • 10% of all cases
  • has a definite cause
  • acute and life threatening
  • blood pressure 220/110
77
Q

Secondary hypertension etiology

A
  • Kidney disease
  • adrenal gland disease,too much adrenaline
  • chemical in balance: meds, narcotics

If the heart weakens over time–> congestive heart failure

78
Q

Disease of blood vessels: Arteritis

A

Inflammation of medium and large arteries

79
Q

Types of Arteritis

A
  • endoarteritis

- periarteritis

80
Q

Endoarteritis

A

Inflammation of lumen or inner wall of artery

-caused by blood clots, arteriosclerosis,emboli from within the bloodstream.

81
Q

Periarteritis

A

Inflammation of outer wall of artery

-caused by external trauma

82
Q

Periarteritis results in

A

Scar tissue, blockage, hemorrhage

sometimes defined by its cause, e.g., syphilitic Arteritis.

83
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening & thickening, loss of elasticity & calcification of Arterial walls
-results in impaired blood circulation

84
Q

Etiology of arteriosclerosis

A

Develops with aging,hypertension, or diabetes–> fat plaques collect on blood vessel wall—> irritate wall—> Arteritis—> calcium deposits—> scar tissue.

85
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

-type of arteriosclerosis
Thickening of the inner lining of arterial walls
-characterized by deposit of cholesterol plaques, lipids,or cellular debris on inner walls of arteries

86
Q

Aneurysm

A

Local dilation of wall of blood vessel, primary arteries

87
Q

Aneurysm etiology

A
  • internal blockage due to clot, embolus, arteriosclerosis, plaque
  • external pressure due to tumor
88
Q

Danger of aneurysm

A

Rupture, resulting in hemorrhage in brain, or abdomen.

89
Q

Aneurysm types

A
  • saccular
  • fusiform/spindle
  • dissecting
90
Q

Saccular aneurysm

A

Resembles small sack; artery, vein, or heart

91
Q

Fusiform/spindle aneurysm

A

Resembles swollen Tube

92
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

Blood flows between layers of vessel wall; most dangerous, likely to rupture because of pressure in the center of it.

93
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of vein

94
Q

Phlebitis etiology

A
  • blockage of vein

- external pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, pressure, weakened heart action

95
Q

Phlebitis results in

A
  • local pain (pressure on nerves)
  • veins hold blood (pool with blood)
  • inflammation restricts blood flow
  • vein blue & stretched —> varicose vein
96
Q

Varicose vein

A

Enlarged (dilated), tortuous blood vessel

  • more likely to affect ascending veins
  • occurs chiefly in the superficial veins of:
    • rectal lining (internal or external hemorrhoids–piles)
    • scrotum
    • legs
97
Q

Etiology of Leucopenia

A

–radiation
–chemical poisons
–some infections

98
Q

Leucopenia Results in..

A

anemia, infections, bleeding, bruising

Pathology (17 decks)

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