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Pathology > Unit 8: Diseases Of The Blood, The Heart, And Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Unit 8: Diseases Of The Blood, The Heart, And Blood Vessels Flashcards

0
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells
•Produced in red bone marrow
•4,000,000 - 5,000,000 cells/µl of blood
•Function - carry oxygen to cells & tissues, and CO2 out of tissues

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1
Q

Leucocytes

A

White Blood Cells
•Produced in red bone marrow, some in lymph tissue
•5000 - 9000 cells/microliter (µl) of blood
•Function – inflammation, immunity

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2
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes
•Produced in red bone marrow
•150,000 - 450,000 cells/µl of blood
•Function – blood clotting

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3
Q

Leucocytosis (leukocytosis)

A

increase in number of WBC in blood
•usually occurs to fight infection
–may be physiological; more common, or
–pathological
•more than 9,000 cells/µl , up to 50,000
•the more severe the infection, the higher the number
•50,000 - 800,000 cells/µl, indicate cancer of WBC producing tissue, i.e. Leukemia

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4
Q

Leucopenia (leukopenia)

A

abnormal reduction in number of WBC in blood

•usually due to damage to bone marrow or lymphatic tissue

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5
Q

Hematopoietic (hemopoietic) Disorders

A

•associated with formation of blood & blood components

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6
Q

Leukemia

A

•literally means, “white blood“
•cancer of WBC producing structures/organs (bone marrow, lymphatic tissue, or spleen)
production of immature WBC
•#1 cause of cancer & cancer deaths in children
•20-70% survival rate

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7
Q

Leukemia: Types

A
  • Acute in children
  • Chronic in adults

Types based on cell type:
•Granulocytic
•Lymphocytic
•Monocytic

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8
Q

Granulocytic Leukemia

A

800,000/µl
•granulocytes (neutrophils) in high numbers
•may be caused by exposure to radiation
•severe anemia, remissions are common

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9
Q

Lymphocytic Leukemia

A

200,000/µl
•some types may be caused by viruses
•Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - most common in children (age 3-6)
•cause severe anemia, pneumonia, infections
•remissions are common; 80%+ survival rate

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10
Q

Monocytic Leukemia

A 
50,000 -200,000 cells/µl
•may be caused by chemicals
•higher risk of severe infections (less of anemia)
•remissions are rare
•higher death rate than the others
–~ 25% survival rate
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11
Q

Polycythemia vera (primary polycythemia)

A

bone marrow makes too many RBCs causing thickening of blood

  • slower blood flow
  • greater risk of forming blood clots
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12
Q

Symptoms of Polycythemia vera

A
  • headache, dizziness, itchiness &redness of skin
  • fatigue, shortness of breath
  • numbness, tingling, burning or weakness in your hands, feet, arms or legs
  • enlarged spleen
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13
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

increase in number of RBC in blood (increased hematocrit)

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14
Q

Etiology of Erythrocytosis

A
  • Hereditary condition
  • Excess blood in transfusion
  • Underactive spleen (removes & destroys old RBC)
  • Polycythemia vera
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15
Q

Erythrocytosis may result in..

A
  • Plethora (too much blood) or
  • higher risk of forming blood clots/thrombi
  • extra strain on heart
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Ischemia
  • Cyanosis
  • enlarged spleen
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16
Q

Erythrocytopenia

A

decreased number of RBC in blood (decreased hematocrit ), may result in Anemia

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17
Q

Anemia

A

decrease in normal number of RBC or quantity of hemoglobin in blood leading to:

  • decrease in oxygen delivery
  • loss of energy
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18
Q

Primary Anemia

A
  • chronic, hematologic disease (concerned with blood or blood-forming structures)
  • low hemoglobin level
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19
Q

Secondary Anemia

A

develops as a complication of another disease
•nonhematologic disease
•persisting longer than 2-6 months
•may provide a diagnostic clue to a chronic disease, e.g., chronic osteomyelitis

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20
Q

Two types of Anemia

A

•Increased Destruction Anemia:
–RBCs are being destroyed

•Decreased Production Anemia:
–producing less RBCs than normal

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21
Q

Etiology of Increased Destruction Anemia

A

–hemorrhage
–injury or trauma
–genetic
–infections

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22
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

•genetic mutation resulting in hemoglobin S
•cells of weird shape, form clots
-spleen traps & destroys them
•results in tachycardia, fatigue, dyspnea
(Increased Destruction Anemia)

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23
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis (primary)

A

•mom & baby have different blood types; common condition
–baby’s RBCs are immature & larger than normal (with nucleus)
-may form blood clots
-trapped in spleen & destroyed
(Increased Destruction Anemia)

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24
Hypersplenism (secondary)
•overactive spleen due to mononucleosis or liver cancer •may cause splenomegaly (Increased Destruction Anemia)
25
Etiology of Decreased Production Anemia
``` Under active bone marrow due to: •radiation •chemical poisons •leukemia or bone cancer (osteosarcoma) -Chlorosis -Aplastic Anemia -Pernicious anemia -Megaloblastic anemia ```
26
Chlorosis
``` chemical poison (lead or mercury) -damages bone marrow ```
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Aplastic Anemia
damage to bone marrow of unknown origin (idiopathic) •bone marrow suppressed, does not produce enough, or any, blood cells •could be due to chemicals, radiation, infection, or metabolic disorders
28
Pernicious anemia
vitamin B12 deficiency •due to lack of intrinsic factor in stomach •common in women following childbirth or malnutrition disorder
29
Megaloblastic anemia
deficiency of B12 & folic acid •megablasts - large blood cells •associated with pernicious anemia
30
Bleeding Disorder: Thrombocytopenia
decrease in number of platelets –less than 60,000 platelets/µl blood •due to damaged bone marrow, e.g., radiation, chemicals, cancer (leukemia)
31
Thrombocytopenia may result in..
decreased ability to clot or coagulate blood –bruise & bleed easily -resulting in hemorrhage, circulatory shock -immune thrombocytopenic purpura
32
Bleeding Disorder: | Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
•immune system destroys its own platelets •spontaneous bleeding in subcutaneous tissues -purple patches on skin –e.g., acute pediatric viral illness
33
Bleeding Disorder - Hemophilia
•X-linked (more common in males) or somatic inherited hemorrhagic disease •abnormal or absent clotting factor -inability to clot blood
34
Severe hemophilia
- hemarthrosis (bleeding into joint) | - painful joint deformity
35
Symptoms of Hemophilia
* excessive, prolonged, sometimes spontaneous bleeding | * frequent epistaxis (nosebleeds), bruising
36
Predisposing Factors of Heart & Blood Vessel Diseases
* Heredity * Obesity * Diabetes * Elevated cholesterol levels * Social factors: smoking, substance abuse, stress or diet
37
Dilatation (Dilation)
thinning & stretching of myocardium fibers •heart enlarges -cannot pump efficiently (abnormal rate) -muscle cells stretch and get thinner –excess blood in left ventricle -may affect aortic valve •tends to be chronic
38
Etiology of Dilatation (Dilation)
•blockage of thoracic aorta due to arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) or plaque - aorta narrows - blood back to heart - heart muscle stretches in response
39
Hypertrophy
-enlargement of the heart ventricles •may result from blockage of aorta •heart pumps faster -thickening of heart muscle to allow heart to pump faster (compensatory mechanism)
40
Hypertrophy results in
hypersensitive heart disease
41
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
42
Main cause of Pericarditis
``` respiratory viruses & bacteria (lungs & bronchi) •trauma •scar tissue forms -resulting in pressure on the heart -heart beats more rapidly -weakened heart action -Heart Failure ```
43
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle), usually wall of left ventricle
44
Myocarditis is caused by
Bacterial or viral infections | -Usually from respiratory infections such as strep, flu, staph, and pneumonia
45
Myocarditis causes what?
Tissue on the heart muscle which interferes with blood flow through coronary artery, resulting in chest pains and dizziness
46
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium (interlining (tunic) of the heart) - usually valves, most commonly mitral valve - infected heart valve result in inflammation - scar tissue (vegetations) on the valve makes valve rigid and chunks of scar tissue can break off and become emboli
47
Endocarditis is caused by
Bacteria and viruses in blood | -most common respiratory infections: flu, cold, sore throat (#1 is streptococcus bacteria)
48
Valvular defects
Related to heart valves: - valvular insufficiency (valvular prolapse), - valvular stenosis
49
Valvular insufficiency
Failure of heart valve to close completely, allowing blood to regurgitate (leak back) -results in valvular prolapse which is an abnormally enlarged and floppy valve
50
Valvular stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of the valve that restricts bloodflow
51
Rheumatic
Autoimmune reaction
52
Rheumatic fever
Condition of permanent damage to heart valves, usually follows strep throat infection
53
What happens during rheumatic fever?
The immune system produces antibodies to fight streptococcus bacteria--> antibodies attached to tissues of the heart (& joints causing arthritis)--> phagocytize The heart by mistake (myocarditis)-->scar tissue forms-->weaken the valve--> valve will leak & regurgitate blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium --> heart murmurs
54
Coronary artery disease
Blockage in coronary artery (feed blood to heart) - Depriving the heart muscle of oxygen - #1 cause of sudden death (40%)
55
Etiology of coronary artery disease
- atherosclerosis-->arteriosclerosis - thrombus (thrombosis) - embolus (embolism) - spasms
56
Coronary artery disease results in...
Ischemia and infarction - most often in left ventricle - chest pain, dizziness, bypass surgery
57
Cardiac failure
Inability of heart to supply adequate blood flow and oxygen to peripheral tissues and organs
58
Acute cardiac failure
Rapid, may result from: - cardiopulmonary bypass surgery - acute myocardial infarction - valve dysfunction - severe arrhythmias
59
Chronic cardiac failure
Congestive heart failure
60
Congestive heart failure
General weakening of the heart overtime leading to heart failure.
61
What happens in congestive heart failure?
Heart cannot pump enough blood to body organs - heart cannot clear blood - blood pooling in the heart - the heart drowns in it's on blood - results in severe chest pain.
62
Myocardial infarction
Area of necrotic tissue in the heart caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area -due to coronary thrombosis
63
Cardiomyopathy
Disease or disorder of the heart muscle (myocardium)
64
Cardiomyopathy is caused by
Viral infections, heart attack, alcoholism, long-term severe high blood pressure or other unknown causes - can be severely disabling or fatal
65
Carditis (pancarditis)
Inflammation of the entire heart and it's surrounding
66
Congenital heart defects
Failure to develop normal heart | -caused by infections in utero (rubella, syphilis, HIV)
67
Types of congenital heart defects
- Dextrocardia-on the wrong side (heart can be too small) - Valvular defect- rearrangement of valves or abnormal valve structure - Septal defect- hole in the septum of heart - Tetralogy of Fallot-4 related heart defects - Patent Ductus Arteriosus- aorta and pulmonary artery are connected to each other - Coarctation of the aorta- constricted segment of the aorta usually above the heart
68
Hypertension
High blood pressure
69
Hypertension causes what?
Pathologic effects on the heart, blood vessels and the body in general. Heart pumps at pressure greater than normal. - systolic = heart contracts (pumps) - diastolic = heart relaxes
70
Blood pressure
Optimal: 120/80 Normal: 130/85
71
Types of hypertension: primary
- Essential hypertension - benign hypertension - malignant hypertension
72
Essential hypertension
- 90% of all cases, no single cause | - can last for decades, 10 to 40 years
73
Predisposing factors of essential hypertension
Stress, diet (fats, salt), Nicotine, obesity, hereditary, arteriosclerosis
74
Benign hypertension
(Mild, does not threaten health or life)– blood pressure 140/90
75
Malignant hypertension
``` Blood pressure 160/110+; difficult to lower, even with medications Death is usually due to: -Stroke -kidney failure -heart failure ```
76
Types of hypertension: secondary
- 10% of all cases - has a definite cause - acute and life threatening - blood pressure 220/110
77
Secondary hypertension etiology
- Kidney disease - adrenal gland disease,too much adrenaline - chemical in balance: meds, narcotics **If the heart weakens over time--> congestive heart failure**
78
Disease of blood vessels: Arteritis
Inflammation of medium and large arteries
79
Types of Arteritis
- endoarteritis | - periarteritis
80
Endoarteritis
Inflammation of lumen or inner wall of artery | -caused by blood clots, arteriosclerosis,emboli from within the bloodstream.
81
Periarteritis
Inflammation of outer wall of artery | -caused by external trauma
82
Periarteritis results in
Scar tissue, blockage, hemorrhage | **sometimes defined by its cause, e.g., syphilitic Arteritis.**
83
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening & thickening, loss of elasticity & calcification of Arterial walls -results in impaired blood circulation
84
Etiology of arteriosclerosis
Develops with aging,hypertension, or diabetes--> fat plaques collect on blood vessel wall---> irritate wall---> Arteritis---> calcium deposits---> scar tissue.
85
Atherosclerosis
-type of arteriosclerosis Thickening of the inner lining of arterial walls -characterized by deposit of cholesterol plaques, lipids,or cellular debris on inner walls of arteries
86
Aneurysm
Local dilation of wall of blood vessel, primary arteries
87
Aneurysm etiology
- internal blockage due to clot, embolus, arteriosclerosis, plaque - external pressure due to tumor
88
Danger of aneurysm
Rupture, resulting in hemorrhage in brain, or abdomen.
89
Aneurysm types
- saccular - fusiform/spindle - dissecting
90
Saccular aneurysm
Resembles small sack; artery, vein, or heart
91
Fusiform/spindle aneurysm
Resembles swollen Tube
92
Dissecting aneurysm
Blood flows between layers of vessel wall; most dangerous, likely to rupture because of pressure in the center of it.
93
Phlebitis
Inflammation of vein
94
Phlebitis etiology
- blockage of vein | - external pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, pressure, weakened heart action
95
Phlebitis results in
- local pain (pressure on nerves) - veins hold blood (pool with blood) - inflammation restricts blood flow - vein blue & stretched ---> varicose vein
96
Varicose vein
Enlarged (dilated), tortuous blood vessel - more likely to affect ascending veins - occurs chiefly in the superficial veins of: - rectal lining (internal or external hemorrhoids--piles) - scrotum - legs
97
Etiology of Leucopenia
–radiation –chemical poisons –some infections
98
Leucopenia Results in..
anemia, infections, bleeding, bruising

Pathology (17 decks)

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