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Pathology > Unit 4: Nutritional Deficiencies > Flashcards

Unit 4: Nutritional Deficiencies Flashcards

0
Q

Deficiencies

A

hypovitaminosis or avitaminosis

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1
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic substances essential for normal growth & activity of the body
-help enzymes to regulate metabolism (coenzymes)

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2
Q

Toxicity

A

hypervitaminosis
–uncommon
–usually occurs in association with food or dietary supplement faddism

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3
Q

Vitamin Types

A 
Fat Soluble (A,D,E,K)
Water Soluble (B complex, C)
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4
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A
  • Stored in body fat more difficult to deplete by dietary deficiency
  • May cause toxicity (hypervitaminosis)
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5
Q

Vitamin A

A

•obtained from carotene
–from foods
–manufactured in liver

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6
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency

A 
results in dry nonepithelial cells
•create risk of infection
•keratinization of conjunctiva (dry eye)
•night blindness
•dry skin
•dryness of respiratory, digestive (tooth defects), urinary, reproductive tracts
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7
Q

Vitamin B complex

A

obtained from grains & rice

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8
Q

Vitamin B complex includes

A
  • Thiamine (B1)
  • Riboflavin (B2)
  • Niacin (B3)
  • Pantothenic acid (B5)
  • Pyridoxine (B6)
  • Biotin = vitamin H (B7)
  • Folic acid (B9)
  • Cobalamin (B12)
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9
Q

Thiamine (B1) - Deficiency

A

beriberi (type of neuritis)

•rare, occurs in chronic alcoholics;

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10
Q

beriberi results in

A
  • Peripheral Neuropathy (disturbances in sensation, motion)
  • Cardiac Failure (edema & paralysis, enlarged right side of the heart)
  • CNS Symptoms (muscle atrophy, CNS degeneration)
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11
Q

Niacin (B3) - Deficiency

A

results in:

  • abnormal heart rate
  • damage to blood vessels
  • pellagra
  • *Predisposed by excessive use of alcohol
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12
Q

Pellagra

A

dietary lack of B3 and tryptophan (essential amino acid)

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13
Q

Symptoms of Pellagra: The 4 D’s

A
  • Diarrhea - excess salivation, ulcerated intestine, loss of appetite, atrophy of organs & tissues, emaciation (anorexia, wasting)
  • Dermatitis - skin eruptions (sores), brown scaly skin, tongue & mouth are red & raw
  • Dementia -nervous & mental changes, depression, insanity
  • Death
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14
Q

Vitamin B Complex:

•Riboflavin (B2)

A

–important for energy metabolism

–deficiency results in cheilosis (sore cracked & bleeding lips)

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15
Q

Vitamin B complex:

•Folic acid (B9) deficiency

A

–important for cell division & CNS development

–deficiency results in anemia & increased risk of birth defects

16
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

A
  • required for correct collagen synthesis

* obtained from some grains, citrus fruits, lean meats, tomatoes

17
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency

A 
–decreased formation of collagen
– decreased absorption of iron
–increased infections (especially viral)
–may prevent progression of Alzheimer’s disease by decreasing oxygen-free radicals that accelerate cell death
–scurvy
18
Q

Vitamin C- Scurvy

A
  • weakness, anemia
  • swollen & bleeding gums, foul breath, loose teeth
  • hemorrhage in nose & kidneys
  • susceptibility to infections (e.g., pneumonia)
  • swollen legs
19
Q

Infantile scurvy (Barlow’s disease)

A

•condition in young children

–poor appetite & poor growth (reversible)

20
Q

“Scorbutic” tongue

A

Latin for “Scurvy” tongue

21
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • important in absorption of calcium from intestines
  • obtained from fish, butter, yeast, egg yolk,
  • made in the body from cholecalciferol
  • converted to Vitamin D in presence of U.V. light (sunlight) in skin
22
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

A

•results in rickets (rachitis) in children
•due to decrease in absorption of calcium from intestines
–in infants 6-18 months of age
–in high risk groups (urban, African-American)

23
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency: Rickets

A
  • deformities of long bones, skull, spine
  • bones are soft & unable to bear weight (bow legs)
  • ankles & wrists thicken
  • thin skull with slow closure of fontanels
  • enlarged junction between ribs & sternum, (pigeon chest)
  • defective teeth
  • body soreness, night restlessness, fevers, night sweats
  • infections
24
Q

Vitamin D: Hypervitaminosis

A

•increased blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia) causing:
–arteriosclerosis
–risk of kidney stones
–decalcification of bones

25
Q

Vitamin E

A
  • Antioxidant - prevents oxidation of cell membranes and DNA

* In wheat, cotton seeds, rice, grain, liver, lettuce

26
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency

A

Hemolysis of RBCs

27
Q

Vitamin K

A
  • important for blood clotting

* obtained from green leafy vegetables, liver

28
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

–bleeding due to decreased level of coagulation factors (prothrombin) coagulation defects

29
Q

Protein functions

A
  • enzymatic catalysts
  • transport molecules (hemoglobin transports oxygen)
  • storage molecules
  • used in movement of muscles
  • mechanical support (collagen of skin & bone)
  • antibodies (immune protection)
  • cell growth & differentiation (hormones)
30
Q

Protein Deficiency

A 
•from starvation or low protein diet
results in:
•gross loss of weight
•atrophy of tissues
•edema
•reduction of lymphoid tissue, suppression of immunity
•mental changes
31
Q

Marasmus

A 
depravation of calories & proteins
•in developing nations
•muscle waste, thin limbs
•aged wrinkled appearance (skin)
•viscera NOT affected so much
32
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

very low protein, some calories
•liver & viscera affected, low food absorption
•hair (keratin) – loses color, becomes sandy & reddish
•skin (keratin) – white depigmented, with lesions

33
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

results in soft bones & teeth, irregular heartbeat, poor coagulation of blood

34
Q

Iron Deficiency

A

results in anemia, pale appearance, decreased enzyme activity, changes to fingernails & toenails

35
Q

Potassium Deficiency

A

from dehydration disorders (diarrhea, high fevers, vomiting) or steroid use (kidney problems, paralysis)

36
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Can result in an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)

Pathology (17 decks)

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