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Pathology > Unit 6: Circulatory Disturbances > Flashcards

Unit 6: Circulatory Disturbances Flashcards

0
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

to & from capillaries of the tissues of the body

–brings oxygenated blood to tissues
–returns deoxygenated blood to heart

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1
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

to & from capillaries of the lungs

–brings deoxygenated blood to lungs
–returns oxygenated blood to heart

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2
Q

Circulatory Disturbances are related to what two body systems?

A

Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems

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3
Q

Edema (Dropsy)

A

shift of fluid from vascular space into another compartment that results in..
-abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities

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4
Q

Etiology of Edema

A
  • increased permeability of capillary walls (due to e.g., histamine, allergies, inflammation)
  • increased capillary blood pressure due to venous obstruction, heart failure, or nephritis (kidney disease)
  • inflammatory conditions
  • low blood plasma osmotic pressure (nutrition)
  • fluid and electrolyte imbalance
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5
Q

Types of Edema

A 
-Anasarca
–Ascites 
–Hydrothorax
–Hydropericardium
–Hydrocele
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6
Q

Anasarca

A

severe, generalized edema of subcutaneous tissue, accumulation of serous fluid in body cavities

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7
Q

Ascites

A

fluid in abdominal (peritoneal) cavity

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8
Q

Hydrothorax

A

fluid in thoracic (pleural) cavity

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9
Q

Hydropericardium

A

fluid around the heart

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10
Q

Hydrocele

A

edema in the scrotum.

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11
Q

Hyperemia

A

increased volume of blood in affected part of the body

active process of engorgement with bright red, oxygenated blood recruited by signals from affected site

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12
Q

Physiologic (functional) Hyperemia

A

dilation of arteries due to
–inflammation, e.g., sunburned skin
–increased metabolic activity (exercise) –> delivery of more blood “on demand” of a working tissue, e.g., exercising, blushing

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13
Q

Congestion (passive hyperemia)

A

passive process of tissue engorgement with bluish, poorly oxygenated blood

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14
Q

Pathologic Congestion

A

due to impaired venous flow, e.g., thrombus, embolus, tumor pressing on or blocking blood vessel causing abnormal pumping action of the heart

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15
Q

Ischemia

A

reduction in arterial blood supply (oxygen & nutrients) to a tissue or body part

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16
Q

Etiology of Ischemia

A
  • Arterial obstruction – e.g., thrombus, embolus, atherosclerosis
  • Venous obstruction
  • Vasoconstriction – due to abnormal function of nervous system, cold temperature or medications
  • External pressure on blood vessel, e.g., tumor
  • Heart failure –> systemic ischemia
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17
Q

Effects of Ischemia

A
  • accumulation of metabolic wastes
  • pain
  • atrophy
  • tissue damage tissue necrosis (infarct)
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18
Q

Infarction (Ischemic necrosis)

A

necrosis of tissue due to interference in blood supply to that tissue, usually follows ischemia

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19
Q

Organs most commonly affected by Infarction (Ischemic Necrosis)

A

spleen, kidneys, lungs, brain & heart

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20
Q

Effects of Infarction (Ischemic Necrosis)

A

•e.g., myocardial infarction - area of cell death (necrosis) resulting from anoxia caused by:
–blockage of the coronary artery (usually left branch) by arteriosclerosis or a blood clot
–disruption of venous drainage (accumulation of wastes)

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21
Q

-sclerosis

A

prefix that means hardening

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22
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls partly due to deposition of calcium; most often caused by atherosclerosis

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23
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries due to build up of waxy plaque inside of blood vessels

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24
Q

Both arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can

A

restrict blood flow

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25
Q

Thrombosis

A

Caused by formation or presence of thrombus

-an attached solid mass or blood clot made up of blood cells

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26
Q

Etiology of Thrombosis

A
  • injury or diseases of blood vessel wall; partial obstruction in blood vessel
  • reduced rate of blood flow (sluggish circulation) allow platelets aggregation=accumulation
  • blood diseases – thrombocytosis, sickle cell anemia
  • alterations in blood composition – e.g., polycythemia vera increased viscosity (thickness) of blood
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27
Q

Types of Thrombosis

A
  • Partial
  • Obstrutive
  • Septic
  • Aseptic
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28
Q

Partial Obstruction of a blood vessel

A

thrombus may dislodge

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29
Q

Obstructive (total) blockage of a blood vessel

A

with ischemia & infarction

30
Q

Septic Thrombosis

A

infected, very dangerous

31
Q

Aseptic Thrombosis

A

not infected

32
Q

Thrombosis Locations

A
  • blood vessels - arteries and veins

* heart (cardiac valves or ventricles)

33
Q

Thrombosis: Changes in Thrombi

A

•tiny thrombi resolve on their own
•large thrombi may grow
–surrounded by fibrous tissue, may become obstructive
–some thrombi break off & become emboli

34
Q

Resolution (Thrombosis)

A

thrombi dissolve without further damage (small thrombi)

35
Q

Calcification (Thrombosis)

A

mineral salts accumulate around thrombus, may became obstructive

36
Q

Fragmentation (Thrombosis)

A

pieces of thrombus dislodge & move through the bloodstream

37
Q

Septic Softening (Thrombosis)

A

(infected) thrombus;

–fragments move through bloodstream, spread infection & may block small blood vessels

38
Q

Canalization (Thrombosis)

A

new blood capillaries form around to bypass the thrombus

39
Q

Consequences of Thrombosis

A
  • Ischemia
  • Passive Hyperemia
  • Gangrene
  • Infarction
  • Bacteremia
40
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduction in arterial blood oxygen supply

41
Q

Passive Hyperemia

A

abnormal venous drainage

42
Q

Gangrene

A

death of tissue with loss of vascular supply, may be followed by bacterial infection

43
Q

Infarction

A

tissue necrosis due to obstruction in arterial blood supplying the area

44
Q

Bacteremia

A

presence of bacteria in blood from a septic thrombus

45
Q

Embolism

A

Caused by formation of solid or gaseous object floating free (embolus) in the bloodstream

46
Q

Embolism Types

A
  • Fragments of thrombi
  • Clumps of bacteria
  • Fragmented tumor cells
  • Animal parasites
  • Fat, gas (air)
  • Foreign bodies – chemicals (talc, cotton fibers)
47
Q

Consequences of Embolism

A
  • Ischemia - if blockage occurs
  • Infarction – if ischemia occurs
  • Gangrene – if embolus, may be infected
  • Spread of infection (septic embolus)
  • Spread of tumor cells
  • Necrosis
48
Q

Hemorrhage

A

loss of blood from the vascular system

49
Q

Hemorrhage Etiology

A
  • trauma
  • vascular diseases – e.g., hypertension, stroke
  • blood diseases – e.g., hemorrhagic anemia
50
Q

Hemorrhage Types

A
  • Epistaxis - bleeding from the nose
  • Hemoptysis - blood in sputum
  • Hematemesis - vomiting of blood
  • Hemopericardium – blood in pericardial cavity
  • Hemothorax – blood in thoracic cavity
  • Hemoperitoneum – blood in abdominal cavity
  • Melena - blood in stool
  • Hematuria - red blood cells in urine
  • Exsanguination - loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained
51
Q

Petechia

A

small tissue damage, visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin,
–e.g., thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)

52
Q

Ecchymosis

A

larger tissue damage (greater than 1 cm), in mucous membrane or skin,
–e.g., thrombocytopenia, cirrhosis, acute renal failure

53
Q

Hematoma

A

large collection of blood (tumor-like swelling); usually due to trauma

54
Q

Shock (Circulatory Collapse=Failure)

A

condition in which the circulatory system is unable to provide adequate blood supply to the body tissues,

55
Q

Circulatory Shock Etiology

A
  • bacterial infections, overwhelming bacterial sepsis
  • heat, cold, or burns
  • radiation or poisoning
  • severe hemorrhage
  • catastrophic allergic reaction
  • severe myocardial infarction
  • trauma with extensive soft tissue damage
56
Q

Circulatory Shock is due to

A

low blood flow through blood vessels (hypo perfusion), reduced cardiac output or low blood volume

57
Q

Effects of Circulatory Shock

A

may lead to:
• blood lost from circulation
• blood volume in blood vessels decreases
• less flow in blood vessels
• less blood to the heart less effective pumping
• less blood to body tissues
• severe tissue damage
• if untreated–> multi-organ failure–> death

58
Q

Types of Shock

A
  • Cardiogenic Shock (heart failure)
  • Hypovolemic Shock (low volume)
  • Septic Shock (infection)
59
Q

Cardiogenic Shock (heart failure)

A

from myocardial infarction or other myocardial disease

60
Q

Hypovolemic shock (low volume)

A

underfilled blood vessels, usually due to hemorrhage, burns, severe diarrhea or vasodilation (from severe allergic reaction)

61
Q

Septic Shock

A

from systemic bacterial infection (sepsis) by organisms that release bacterial endotoxins

62
Q

Symptoms of Shock

A 
•patient is weak
•low blood pressure
-rapid but feeble pulse
-little urine output
•low body temperature
-cold extremities
•shallow but rapid breathing 
-pale color
•heavy perspiration 
-thirst
63
Q

Necrosis: Gangrene

A

necrosis (death) of tissue, usually resulting from deficient or absent blood supply

64
Q

Types of Gangrene

A
  • Dry (ischemic necrosis) - arteries are obstructed
  • Moist (wet) – impaired venous drainage
  • Gas - bacterium Clostridium perfringens
65
Q

Dehydration

A

Decrease in total volume of body fluids

66
Q

Etiology of Dehydration

A
  • hemorrhage
  • fever
  • high environmental temperature
  • diabetes
  • kidney or adrenal disease
  • metabolic disorders
  • diarrhea or vomiting
67
Q

Dehydration Results in..

A

total fluid & electrolyte loss, dry skin & mucous membranes, opaque sticky organ surfaces, vascular collapse, brain, heart, & kidney damage

68
Q

Results of Dehydration Lead to…

A

•acidosis or alkalosis with effects on
–nervous system - numbness in fingers or face & muscle spasm
• respiration - increased rate & depth

69
Q

Plethora

A

Increase in whole body blood volume

70
Q

Plethora Etiology

A

•excess blood due to
–transfusion
–underactive spleen
–overactive bone marrow

71
Q

Plethora Results in

A
  • headaches, dizziness
  • vomiting, convulsions
  • heart & kidney damage
72
Q

Postmortem Conditions

A
  • Diminished circulation – may lead to syncope (cessation of circulation)
  • Abscess - localized accumulation of pus
  • Hemorrhage - escape of blood from vascular system
  • Dehydration - loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem
  • Emaciation - excessive body wasting, usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition
  • Rapid decomposition
  • Discoloration – purple because of high content of blood (pull of gravity)

Pathology (17 decks)

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