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Pathology > Unit 6: Circulatory Disturbances > Flashcards

Unit 6: Circulatory Disturbances Flashcards

0
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

to & from capillaries of the tissues of the body

–brings oxygenated blood to tissues
–returns deoxygenated blood to heart

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1
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

to & from capillaries of the lungs

–brings deoxygenated blood to lungs
–returns oxygenated blood to heart

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2
Q

Circulatory Disturbances are related to what two body systems?

A

Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems

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3
Q

Edema (Dropsy)

A

shift of fluid from vascular space into another compartment that results in..
-abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities

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4
Q

Etiology of Edema

A
  • increased permeability of capillary walls (due to e.g., histamine, allergies, inflammation)
  • increased capillary blood pressure due to venous obstruction, heart failure, or nephritis (kidney disease)
  • inflammatory conditions
  • low blood plasma osmotic pressure (nutrition)
  • fluid and electrolyte imbalance
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5
Q

Types of Edema

A 
-Anasarca
–Ascites 
–Hydrothorax
–Hydropericardium
–Hydrocele
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6
Q

Anasarca

A

severe, generalized edema of subcutaneous tissue, accumulation of serous fluid in body cavities

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7
Q

Ascites

A

fluid in abdominal (peritoneal) cavity

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8
Q

Hydrothorax

A

fluid in thoracic (pleural) cavity

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9
Q

Hydropericardium

A

fluid around the heart

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10
Q

Hydrocele

A

edema in the scrotum.

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11
Q

Hyperemia

A

increased volume of blood in affected part of the body

active process of engorgement with bright red, oxygenated blood recruited by signals from affected site

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12
Q

Physiologic (functional) Hyperemia

A

dilation of arteries due to
–inflammation, e.g., sunburned skin
–increased metabolic activity (exercise) –> delivery of more blood “on demand” of a working tissue, e.g., exercising, blushing

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13
Q

Congestion (passive hyperemia)

A

passive process of tissue engorgement with bluish, poorly oxygenated blood

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14
Q

Pathologic Congestion

A

due to impaired venous flow, e.g., thrombus, embolus, tumor pressing on or blocking blood vessel causing abnormal pumping action of the heart

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15
Q

Ischemia

A

reduction in arterial blood supply (oxygen & nutrients) to a tissue or body part

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16
Q

Etiology of Ischemia

A
  • Arterial obstruction – e.g., thrombus, embolus, atherosclerosis
  • Venous obstruction
  • Vasoconstriction – due to abnormal function of nervous system, cold temperature or medications
  • External pressure on blood vessel, e.g., tumor
  • Heart failure –> systemic ischemia
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17
Q

Effects of Ischemia

A
  • accumulation of metabolic wastes
  • pain
  • atrophy
  • tissue damage tissue necrosis (infarct)
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18
Q

Infarction (Ischemic necrosis)

A

necrosis of tissue due to interference in blood supply to that tissue, usually follows ischemia

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19
Q

Organs most commonly affected by Infarction (Ischemic Necrosis)

A

spleen, kidneys, lungs, brain & heart

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20
Q

Effects of Infarction (Ischemic Necrosis)

A

•e.g., myocardial infarction - area of cell death (necrosis) resulting from anoxia caused by:
–blockage of the coronary artery (usually left branch) by arteriosclerosis or a blood clot
–disruption of venous drainage (accumulation of wastes)

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21
Q

-sclerosis

A

prefix that means hardening

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22
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls partly due to deposition of calcium; most often caused by atherosclerosis

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23
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries due to build up of waxy plaque inside of blood vessels

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24
Both arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can
restrict blood flow
25
Thrombosis
Caused by formation or presence of thrombus | -an attached solid mass or blood clot made up of blood cells
26
Etiology of Thrombosis
* injury or diseases of blood vessel wall; partial obstruction in blood vessel * reduced rate of blood flow (sluggish circulation) allow platelets aggregation=accumulation * blood diseases – thrombocytosis, sickle cell anemia * alterations in blood composition – e.g., polycythemia vera increased viscosity (thickness) of blood
27
Types of Thrombosis
- Partial - Obstrutive - Septic - Aseptic
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Partial Obstruction of a blood vessel
thrombus may dislodge
29
Obstructive (total) blockage of a blood vessel
with ischemia & infarction
30
Septic Thrombosis
infected, very dangerous
31
Aseptic Thrombosis
not infected
32
Thrombosis Locations
* blood vessels - arteries and veins | * heart (cardiac valves or ventricles)
33
Thrombosis: Changes in Thrombi
•tiny thrombi resolve on their own •large thrombi may grow –surrounded by fibrous tissue, may become obstructive –some thrombi break off & become emboli
34
Resolution (Thrombosis)
thrombi dissolve without further damage (small thrombi)
35
Calcification (Thrombosis)
mineral salts accumulate around thrombus, may became obstructive
36
Fragmentation (Thrombosis)
pieces of thrombus dislodge & move through the bloodstream
37
Septic Softening (Thrombosis)
(infected) thrombus; | –fragments move through bloodstream, spread infection & may block small blood vessels
38
Canalization (Thrombosis)
new blood capillaries form around to bypass the thrombus
39
Consequences of Thrombosis
- Ischemia - Passive Hyperemia - Gangrene - Infarction - Bacteremia
40
Ischemia
Reduction in arterial blood oxygen supply
41
Passive Hyperemia
abnormal venous drainage
42
Gangrene
death of tissue with loss of vascular supply, may be followed by bacterial infection
43
Infarction
tissue necrosis due to obstruction in arterial blood supplying the area
44
Bacteremia
presence of bacteria in blood from a septic thrombus
45
Embolism
Caused by formation of solid or gaseous object floating free (embolus) in the bloodstream
46
Embolism Types
* Fragments of thrombi * Clumps of bacteria * Fragmented tumor cells * Animal parasites * Fat, gas (air) * Foreign bodies – chemicals (talc, cotton fibers)
47
Consequences of Embolism
* Ischemia - if blockage occurs * Infarction – if ischemia occurs * Gangrene – if embolus, may be infected * Spread of infection (septic embolus) * Spread of tumor cells * Necrosis
48
Hemorrhage
loss of blood from the vascular system
49
Hemorrhage Etiology
* trauma * vascular diseases – e.g., hypertension, stroke * blood diseases – e.g., hemorrhagic anemia
50
Hemorrhage Types
* Epistaxis - bleeding from the nose * Hemoptysis - blood in sputum * Hematemesis - vomiting of blood * Hemopericardium – blood in pericardial cavity * Hemothorax – blood in thoracic cavity * Hemoperitoneum – blood in abdominal cavity * Melena - blood in stool * Hematuria - red blood cells in urine * Exsanguination - loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained
51
Petechia
small tissue damage, visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin, –e.g., thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
52
Ecchymosis
larger tissue damage (greater than 1 cm), in mucous membrane or skin, –e.g., thrombocytopenia, cirrhosis, acute renal failure
53
Hematoma
large collection of blood (tumor-like swelling); usually due to trauma
54
Shock (Circulatory Collapse=Failure)
condition in which the circulatory system is unable to provide adequate blood supply to the body tissues,
55
Circulatory Shock Etiology
* bacterial infections, overwhelming bacterial sepsis * heat, cold, or burns * radiation or poisoning * severe hemorrhage * catastrophic allergic reaction * severe myocardial infarction * trauma with extensive soft tissue damage
56
Circulatory Shock is due to
low blood flow through blood vessels (hypo perfusion), reduced cardiac output or low blood volume
57
Effects of Circulatory Shock
may lead to: • blood lost from circulation • blood volume in blood vessels decreases • less flow in blood vessels • less blood to the heart less effective pumping • less blood to body tissues • severe tissue damage • if untreated--> multi-organ failure--> death
58
Types of Shock
- Cardiogenic Shock (heart failure) - Hypovolemic Shock (low volume) - Septic Shock (infection)
59
Cardiogenic Shock (heart failure)
from myocardial infarction or other myocardial disease
60
Hypovolemic shock (low volume)
underfilled blood vessels, usually due to hemorrhage, burns, severe diarrhea or vasodilation (from severe allergic reaction)
61
Septic Shock
from systemic bacterial infection (sepsis) by organisms that release bacterial endotoxins
62
Symptoms of Shock
``` •patient is weak •low blood pressure -rapid but feeble pulse -little urine output •low body temperature -cold extremities •shallow but rapid breathing -pale color •heavy perspiration -thirst ```
63
Necrosis: Gangrene
necrosis (death) of tissue, usually resulting from deficient or absent blood supply
64
Types of Gangrene
* Dry (ischemic necrosis) - arteries are obstructed * Moist (wet) – impaired venous drainage * Gas - bacterium Clostridium perfringens
65
Dehydration
Decrease in total volume of body fluids
66
Etiology of Dehydration
* hemorrhage * fever * high environmental temperature * diabetes * kidney or adrenal disease * metabolic disorders * diarrhea or vomiting
67
Dehydration Results in..
total fluid & electrolyte loss, dry skin & mucous membranes, opaque sticky organ surfaces, vascular collapse, brain, heart, & kidney damage
68
Results of Dehydration Lead to...
•acidosis or alkalosis with effects on –nervous system - numbness in fingers or face & muscle spasm • respiration - increased rate & depth
69
Plethora
Increase in whole body blood volume
70
Plethora Etiology
•excess blood due to –transfusion –underactive spleen –overactive bone marrow
71
Plethora Results in
* headaches, dizziness * vomiting, convulsions * heart & kidney damage
72
Postmortem Conditions
* Diminished circulation – may lead to syncope (cessation of circulation) * Abscess - localized accumulation of pus * Hemorrhage - escape of blood from vascular system * Dehydration - loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem * Emaciation - excessive body wasting, usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition * Rapid decomposition * Discoloration – purple because of high content of blood (pull of gravity)

Pathology (17 decks)

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