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Pathology > Unit 11: Diseases of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 11: Diseases of the Respiratory System Flashcards

0
Q

In the thorax, there are ___ pleural cavities–each houses __ lung

A

2, 1

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1
Q

Function

A

Exchange of gases

  • oxygen released from Lungs into blood capillaries and
  • carbon dioxide released from blood capillaries to lungs
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2
Q

Lungs

A

Spongy organs divided into lobes

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3
Q

The pleural membrane consists of

A
  • parietal pleura: Lines plural cavity

- visceral pleura: covers each lung

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4
Q

Parts of the upper respiratory system

A
  • nose
  • mouth
  • Sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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5
Q

Sinuses

A

air-filled cavities in the bones of the skull

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6
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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7
Q

Parts of the lower respiratory system

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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8
Q

alveoli

A

grape-like clusters of air sacs surrounded by blood capillaries

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9
Q

Acute Inflammation of Upper Respiratory System

A

Usually in response to infections, allergens, irritants:

  • streptococcus bacteria
  • cold & flu viruses, other viruses
  • Diphtheria
  • Dust, pollens, allergens
  • Fumes
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10
Q

Lesions from most Acute Upper Respiratory Infections will contain ______(catarrhal), less commonly_____ (purulent) & dead cells

A

mucous, pus

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11
Q

Diptheria

A

bacterial, sore throat, low-grade fever, swollen neck

-contagious diseases spread by direct physical contact or breathing

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12
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of mucous membrane of the nose;

may cause runny nose, watery eyes, stuffy head, sore throat, sneezing, fever

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13
Q

common cold (acute rhinitis)

A

acute inflammation; may lead to sinusitis

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14
Q

Coryza

A

acute inflammation with discharge of mucous; head cold (viral infection which settles in mucous membranes of the nose)

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15
Q

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

A

inflammation due to allergies

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16
Q

Sinusitis

A

inflammation of mucous membrane lining paranasal sinuses

-caused by infections

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17
Q

Pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the throat;

caused by irritation, smoking, viral or bacterial (strep) infections

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18
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of larynx and vocal chords

  • May follow rhinitis, sinusitis, or pharyngitis
  • caused by mechanical injury or laryngeal cancer
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19
Q

Tonsilitis

A

Inflammation of the tonsils (lymphatic tissue)

-usually caused by strep infection

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20
Q

Nasal and laryngeal polyps

A

Non-cancerous growths on mucous membranes of the nose or larynx

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21
Q

Nasal polyps

A

Restrict entrance of air and cause chronic irritation to nose
-caused by aerosol decongestants, toxic fumes, cocaine

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22
Q

Laryngeal polyps

A

Interfere with speech, caused by strain on the larynx, may predispose laryngeal cancer

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23
Q

Tracheitis

A

Acute or chronic, caused by fumes, dust, allergens, may be associated w/ bronchitis or laryngitis

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24
Major complications of tracheitis
- scar tissue & stenosis of the trachea | - severe breathing difficulty with the risk of pneumonia
25
Bronchitis
Inflammation of mucous membrane lining the bronchi; very common
26
Causes of bronchitis
irritants, smoking, fumes, dust, allergens, pollens, viral infections (flu)
27
Mucous is produced-->_________-->breathing difficulty--> risk of pneumonia
congestion
28
complication of bronchitis
chronic bronchitis
29
chronic bronchitis leads to
scar tissue on walls of bronchi-->less flexible-->resulting in stagnation of air
30
bronchiectasis
abnormal destruction & dilation of large airways (bronchi)
31
bronchiectasis could be ______or ______
congenital or acquired
32
long term bronchial damage-->damaged bronchial wall--inflexible, stretched bronchi-->______
difficulty exhaling
33
bronchiectasis poses a potential risk of
bleeding in bronchi, coughing up blood, stagnant air, risk of infection & pneumonia
34
Anoxia
low oxygen levels in blood-->results in cyanosis
35
Bronchial asthma
hypersensitivity reaction causing constriction of bronchi | -hereditary or acquired condition
36
bronchial asthma leads to
hyper secretion of mucous from cells lining bronchi-->bronchi can be blocked, irritated--> difficulty in breathing -anoxia, cyanosis, pneumonia
37
Long-term effects of bronchial asthma
chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, with effects on heart, emphysema
38
Pneumonia
inflammation of bronchioles or alveoli due to bacterial or viral infection -Pneumonitis=inflammation
39
Etiology of Pneumonia
- bacteria, (most common) e.g. Streptococcus pneumonia #1 cause - endogenous infection (coming from w/in the body) - common in a person with compromised health - viruses (flu) - fungi (pneumocystis carinii) - fumes, irritants, cancer
40
pneumonia results in
- congestion of air spaces-->difficulty breathing (dyspnea)-->impaired gas exchange-->weakness - fevers, chills, chest pain and cough
41
complications of pneumonia
force the lungs to work harder - pleurisy - hydrothorax - hemothorax - empyema - heart problems
42
Pleurisy (Pleuritis)
Infection spreads to the membrane around the lungs, e.g. bacterial infection
43
Hydrothorax
Mucous in the chest cavity around the lungs
44
hemothorax
Blood in the chest cavity around the lungs
45
empyema
Pus in the chest cavity around the lungs; caused by ruptured lung or ulcerated tumor
46
Types of pneumonia
- Lobular - Bronchial - Interstitial - Double - Viral
47
Lobular Pneumonia
infecting one or more lobes; usually caused by strep
48
Bronchial Pneumonia
due to mixed bacterial infections associated with complications of surgery, aspiration, anesthesia, chronic illness, or chronic pulmonary disease
49
Interstitial Pneumonia
Inflammation of lung supportive tissue between the air sacs; diffuse process that occurs all over the lungs and is not confined to one location; idiopathic.
50
Interstitium
tissue that surrounds & separates tiny air sacs (alveolae) in lung
51
Double Pneumonia
both lungs are involved
52
Viral Pneumonia
caused by a variety of viruses
53
Tuberculosis
bacterial infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis - spread by coughing, sneezing, or inhaling infected dried sputum - first asymptomatic - later flu & pneumonia-like symptoms
54
incubation period for tuberculosis
symptoms 7-14 days
55
malaise
subjective feeling of being sick, ill, or not healthy
56
with tuberculosis, scar tissue forms on the lungs in ____ months
6-9
57
tubercules/granulomas
dead bacteria, immune cells, lung tissue--caseous necrosis
58
with TB, the infection survives ________________ but usually causes no further harm
inside the scar tissue
59
Miliary Tuberculosis
TB infection at multiple sites throughout the body - infection may break out of the scar tissue & spread - infects liver, spleen,kidneys, brain, usually fatal - 1 in 1000 cases
60
Pneumoconiosis
refers to particles which have been inhaled into the lungs, | -scar tissue-->discoloration-->interference w/ expansion of lungs & breathing
61
Atelectasis
collapse of alveoli or airless state of part or all of a lung - due to fractured ribs or mucous plaque - causes inadequate breathing pattern, pain
62
Emphysema
end stage of severe chronic lung disease -increased production of mucous causes trapping of air in alveoli leading to overinflation-->destruction of alveoli-->lungs cannot recoil-->barrel chest appearance because of difficulty exhaling air from lungs
63
predisposing factors of emphysema
- cigarette smoking | - Recurrent inflammation of lungs
64
emphysema results in
- respiratory failure - anoxia, cyanosis - hypertrophy of heart, stroke - hypertension - scar tissue on surface of lungs & pleural membrane
65
emphysema vs. chronic bronchitis
Emphysema: - less inflammation - more alveolar destruction Chronic Bronchitis: - More inflammation - Less alveolar destruction
66
Pulmonary abscess
Collection of infectious material contained within a capsule - E.g. bacterial pneumonia or aspiration of food or foreign material - can be a source of septicemia; difficult to treat - abscess cavities
67
Lung: Fungal Disease
Caused by inhaling airborne fungus - fungus forms tuberculosis-like granulomas - may spread throughout lungs & cause dyspnea & fever
68
Lung Cancer
Leading cause of cancer deaths in the US
69
Predisposing factors of lung cancer
- cigarette smoking - genetics - inhalation of carcinogenic or industrial air pollutants
70
lung cancer is often ________ until metastasis
asymptomatic
71
Symptoms of lung cancer
dyspnea, coughing, hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
72
lung cancer has a ___% survival rate for five years
10
73
Long cancer: squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant new growth of cells; Bronchogenic Carcinoma
74
Bronchogenic carcinoma
- starts in the bronchi and spreads through the lungs - #1 type of cancer in males - #2 type of cancer in females - #1 cause of death in both - metastasizes quickly to lymph nodes, brain, G.I. organs
75
Respiratory sarcoma
- found in the soft tissue of lungs - results in cough and breathlessness - primary or secondary to
76
Cleft lip
One or more abnormal splits in upper lip - related to hereditary factors - repaired surgically
77
Cleft palate
Involves palate or roof of mouth, more common in girls - separate or in combination with a cleft lip - related to hereditary factors - repaired surgically
78
Cystic fibrosis
- Hereditary disorder (autosomal recessive) with defective transport of chloride - lethal; affects exocrine glands causing secretion of thick mucous that obstruct body passageways (lungs and pancreas)
79
Obstructive disorders
- choking (airway obstruction) | - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
80
Choking
Obstruction of airflow caused by foreign object, respiratory disease, or compression of the airways
81
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) seem
Group of pulmonary diseases characterized by inability to get air into/out of lungs - caused by smoking e.g. bronchitis and emphysema - results in high carbon dioxide level in blood
82
Postmortem conditions
- cyanosis - emaciation - hydrothorax - hemorrhage - cavitation
83
cavitation
Formation of cavities in an organ or tissue; frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis

Pathology (17 decks)

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