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Pathology > Unit 11: Diseases of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 11: Diseases of the Respiratory System Flashcards

0
Q

In the thorax, there are ___ pleural cavities–each houses __ lung

A

2, 1

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1
Q

Function

A

Exchange of gases

  • oxygen released from Lungs into blood capillaries and
  • carbon dioxide released from blood capillaries to lungs
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2
Q

Lungs

A

Spongy organs divided into lobes

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3
Q

The pleural membrane consists of

A
  • parietal pleura: Lines plural cavity

- visceral pleura: covers each lung

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4
Q

Parts of the upper respiratory system

A
  • nose
  • mouth
  • Sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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5
Q

Sinuses

A

air-filled cavities in the bones of the skull

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6
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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7
Q

Parts of the lower respiratory system

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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8
Q

alveoli

A

grape-like clusters of air sacs surrounded by blood capillaries

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9
Q

Acute Inflammation of Upper Respiratory System

A

Usually in response to infections, allergens, irritants:

  • streptococcus bacteria
  • cold & flu viruses, other viruses
  • Diphtheria
  • Dust, pollens, allergens
  • Fumes
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10
Q

Lesions from most Acute Upper Respiratory Infections will contain ______(catarrhal), less commonly_____ (purulent) & dead cells

A

mucous, pus

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11
Q

Diptheria

A

bacterial, sore throat, low-grade fever, swollen neck

-contagious diseases spread by direct physical contact or breathing

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12
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of mucous membrane of the nose;

may cause runny nose, watery eyes, stuffy head, sore throat, sneezing, fever

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13
Q

common cold (acute rhinitis)

A

acute inflammation; may lead to sinusitis

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14
Q

Coryza

A

acute inflammation with discharge of mucous; head cold (viral infection which settles in mucous membranes of the nose)

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15
Q

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

A

inflammation due to allergies

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16
Q

Sinusitis

A

inflammation of mucous membrane lining paranasal sinuses

-caused by infections

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17
Q

Pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the throat;

caused by irritation, smoking, viral or bacterial (strep) infections

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18
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of larynx and vocal chords

  • May follow rhinitis, sinusitis, or pharyngitis
  • caused by mechanical injury or laryngeal cancer
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19
Q

Tonsilitis

A

Inflammation of the tonsils (lymphatic tissue)

-usually caused by strep infection

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20
Q

Nasal and laryngeal polyps

A

Non-cancerous growths on mucous membranes of the nose or larynx

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21
Q

Nasal polyps

A

Restrict entrance of air and cause chronic irritation to nose
-caused by aerosol decongestants, toxic fumes, cocaine

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22
Q

Laryngeal polyps

A

Interfere with speech, caused by strain on the larynx, may predispose laryngeal cancer

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23
Q

Tracheitis

A

Acute or chronic, caused by fumes, dust, allergens, may be associated w/ bronchitis or laryngitis

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24
Q

Major complications of tracheitis

A
  • scar tissue & stenosis of the trachea

- severe breathing difficulty with the risk of pneumonia

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25
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of mucous membrane lining the bronchi; very common

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26
Q

Causes of bronchitis

A

irritants, smoking, fumes, dust, allergens, pollens, viral infections (flu)

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27
Q

Mucous is produced–>_________–>breathing difficulty–> risk of pneumonia

A

congestion

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28
Q

complication of bronchitis

A

chronic bronchitis

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29
Q

chronic bronchitis leads to

A

scar tissue on walls of bronchi–>less flexible–>resulting in stagnation of air

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30
Q

bronchiectasis

A

abnormal destruction & dilation of large airways (bronchi)

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31
Q

bronchiectasis could be ______or ______

A

congenital or acquired

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32
Q

long term bronchial damage–>damaged bronchial wall–inflexible, stretched bronchi–>______

A

difficulty exhaling

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33
Q

bronchiectasis poses a potential risk of

A

bleeding in bronchi, coughing up blood, stagnant air, risk of infection & pneumonia

34
Q

Anoxia

A

low oxygen levels in blood–>results in cyanosis

35
Q

Bronchial asthma

A

hypersensitivity reaction causing constriction of bronchi

-hereditary or acquired condition

36
Q

bronchial asthma leads to

A

hyper secretion of mucous from cells lining bronchi–>bronchi can be blocked, irritated–> difficulty in breathing
-anoxia, cyanosis, pneumonia

37
Q

Long-term effects of bronchial asthma

A

chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, with effects on heart, emphysema

38
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of bronchioles or alveoli due to bacterial or viral infection
-Pneumonitis=inflammation

39
Q

Etiology of Pneumonia

A
  • bacteria, (most common) e.g. Streptococcus pneumonia #1 cause
    - endogenous infection (coming from w/in the body)
    - common in a person with compromised health
  • viruses (flu)
  • fungi (pneumocystis carinii)
  • fumes, irritants, cancer
40
Q

pneumonia results in

A
  • congestion of air spaces–>difficulty breathing (dyspnea)–>impaired gas exchange–>weakness
  • fevers, chills, chest pain and cough
41
Q

complications of pneumonia

A

force the lungs to work harder

  • pleurisy
  • hydrothorax
  • hemothorax
  • empyema
  • heart problems
42
Q

Pleurisy (Pleuritis)

A

Infection spreads to the membrane around the lungs, e.g. bacterial infection

43
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Mucous in the chest cavity around the lungs

44
Q

hemothorax

A

Blood in the chest cavity around the lungs

45
Q

empyema

A

Pus in the chest cavity around the lungs; caused by ruptured lung or ulcerated tumor

46
Q

Types of pneumonia

A
  • Lobular
  • Bronchial
  • Interstitial
  • Double
  • Viral
47
Q

Lobular Pneumonia

A

infecting one or more lobes; usually caused by strep

48
Q

Bronchial Pneumonia

A

due to mixed bacterial infections associated with complications of surgery, aspiration, anesthesia, chronic illness, or chronic pulmonary disease

49
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of lung supportive tissue between the air sacs; diffuse process that occurs all over the lungs and is not confined to one location; idiopathic.

50
Q

Interstitium

A

tissue that surrounds & separates tiny air sacs (alveolae) in lung

51
Q

Double Pneumonia

A

both lungs are involved

52
Q

Viral Pneumonia

A

caused by a variety of viruses

53
Q

Tuberculosis

A

bacterial infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • spread by coughing, sneezing, or inhaling infected dried sputum
  • first asymptomatic
  • later flu & pneumonia-like symptoms
54
Q

incubation period for tuberculosis

A

symptoms 7-14 days

55
Q

malaise

A

subjective feeling of being sick, ill, or not healthy

56
Q

with tuberculosis, scar tissue forms on the lungs in ____ months

A

6-9

57
Q

tubercules/granulomas

A

dead bacteria, immune cells, lung tissue–caseous necrosis

58
Q

with TB, the infection survives ________________ but usually causes no further harm

A

inside the scar tissue

59
Q

Miliary Tuberculosis

A

TB infection at multiple sites throughout the body

  • infection may break out of the scar tissue & spread
  • infects liver, spleen,kidneys, brain, usually fatal
  • 1 in 1000 cases
60
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

refers to particles which have been inhaled into the lungs,

-scar tissue–>discoloration–>interference w/ expansion of lungs & breathing

61
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapse of alveoli or airless state of part or all of a lung

  • due to fractured ribs or mucous plaque
  • causes inadequate breathing pattern, pain
62
Q

Emphysema

A

end stage of severe chronic lung disease
-increased production of mucous causes trapping of air in alveoli leading to overinflation–>destruction of alveoli–>lungs cannot recoil–>barrel chest appearance because of difficulty exhaling air from lungs

63
Q

predisposing factors of emphysema

A
  • cigarette smoking

- Recurrent inflammation of lungs

64
Q

emphysema results in

A
  • respiratory failure
  • anoxia, cyanosis
  • hypertrophy of heart, stroke
  • hypertension
  • scar tissue on surface of lungs & pleural membrane
65
Q

emphysema vs. chronic bronchitis

A

Emphysema:

  • less inflammation
  • more alveolar destruction

Chronic Bronchitis:

  • More inflammation
  • Less alveolar destruction
66
Q

Pulmonary abscess

A

Collection of infectious material contained within a capsule

  • E.g. bacterial pneumonia or aspiration of food or foreign material
  • can be a source of septicemia; difficult to treat
  • abscess cavities
67
Q

Lung: Fungal Disease

A

Caused by inhaling airborne fungus

  • fungus forms tuberculosis-like granulomas
  • may spread throughout lungs & cause dyspnea & fever
68
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Leading cause of cancer deaths in the US

69
Q

Predisposing factors of lung cancer

A
  • cigarette smoking
  • genetics
  • inhalation of carcinogenic or industrial air pollutants
70
Q

lung cancer is often ________ until metastasis

A

asymptomatic

71
Q

Symptoms of lung cancer

A

dyspnea, coughing, hemoptysis (coughing up blood)

72
Q

lung cancer has a ___% survival rate for five years

A

10

73
Q

Long cancer: squamous cell carcinoma

A

Malignant new growth of cells; Bronchogenic Carcinoma

74
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A
  • starts in the bronchi and spreads through the lungs
  • # 1 type of cancer in males
  • # 2 type of cancer in females
  • # 1 cause of death in both
  • metastasizes quickly to lymph nodes, brain, G.I. organs
75
Q

Respiratory sarcoma

A
  • found in the soft tissue of lungs
  • results in cough and breathlessness
  • primary or secondary to
76
Q

Cleft lip

A

One or more abnormal splits in upper lip

  • related to hereditary factors
  • repaired surgically
77
Q

Cleft palate

A

Involves palate or roof of mouth, more common in girls

  • separate or in combination with a cleft lip
  • related to hereditary factors
  • repaired surgically
78
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A
  • Hereditary disorder (autosomal recessive) with defective transport of chloride
  • lethal; affects exocrine glands causing secretion of thick mucous that obstruct body passageways (lungs and pancreas)
79
Q

Obstructive disorders

A
  • choking (airway obstruction)

- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

80
Q

Choking

A

Obstruction of airflow caused by foreign object, respiratory disease, or compression of the airways

81
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) seem

A

Group of pulmonary diseases characterized by inability to get air into/out of lungs

  • caused by smoking e.g. bronchitis and emphysema
  • results in high carbon dioxide level in blood
82
Q

Postmortem conditions

A
  • cyanosis
  • emaciation
  • hydrothorax
  • hemorrhage
  • cavitation
83
Q

cavitation

A

Formation of cavities in an organ or tissue; frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis

Pathology (17 decks)

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