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Pathology > Unit 12 Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 12 Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

Structure of CNS

A
  • Brain-within the skull

- spinal cord

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1
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A
  • Receives information from the body
  • processes & interprets information
  • produces a response
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2
Q

Normal circulation of CFS and structural components required

A

CSF circulation starts from:
2 lateral ventricles through interventricular formamina, into 3rd ventricle, through cerebral aqueduct, into 4th ventricle through lateral and medial apertures into subarachnoid space of brain

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3
Q

Brain trauma: concussion

A

Loss of cerebral control following injury

Immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function, disruption of normal electrical activity

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4
Q

Concussions result in

A

–blood leaking into the brain

–injection of spinal fluid into the brain, molecular (chemical) disturbance

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5
Q

Symptoms of concussions

A

–drowsiness, loss of coordination,

-slow pulse, convulsions, projectile vomiting, stupor, comatose

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6
Q

Contusion (bruise)

A

crushing (compression) of the brain
•leads to hemorrhage
•often accompanied by swelling
•caused by fracture or trauma to the skull

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7
Q

Laceration

A

cutting wound that penetrates the skull

-results in hemorrhage

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8
Q

extradural hemorrhage

A
  • due to fracture or trauma to the head
  • blood collects & proceeds down to brain
  • if unrelieved, death can occur in days or weeks
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9
Q

subdural hemorrhage

A

more severe fracture or injury

  • more rapid bleeding
  • if unrelieved, death can occur w/in a few days
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10
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

most severe, due to laceration

  • very rapid bleeding into the brain
  • death can occur w/in hours
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11
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

  • caused by microorganisms that spread into blood & CSF
  • may affect any age group
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12
Q

bacterial meningitis

A

(neisseria meningitides)

  • life threatening
  • may cause epidemic meningitis
  • spread by respiratory secreations
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13
Q

other causes of bacterial meningitis include

A

viruses, fungi, protozoans & cancers

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14
Q

fungal meningitis

A

common in people w/ impaired immune systems (AIDS)

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15
Q

symptoms of meningitis

A

headaches, stiff neck, fever, photophobia, vomiting

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16
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A
  • Apoplexy/stroke
  • sudden death of some brain cells due to lack of oxygen caused by blockage or rupture of an artery in the brain
  • effect depends on size of the hemorrhage
  • 3rd leading cause of death
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17
Q

Predisposing factors of Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A
  • arteriosclerosis
  • high blood pressure
  • thrombus or embolus in cerebral blood vessel,
  • aneurysm
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18
Q

most common symptom of CVA

A

eakness or paralysis of one side of the body with partial or complete loss of voluntary movement or sensation in a leg or arm

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19
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

temporary lack of circulation to a part of the brain

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20
Q

temporary symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attack

A
  • loss of sensation, movement, speech, mental function or vision
  • signs & symptoms generally disappear completely within 24 hours (after resumption of blood-flow)
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21
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Excessive accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain

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22
Q

hydrocephalus is usually due to

A

•obstruction of flow of CSF out of the brain
–congenital defect
–in newborns: toxoplasmosis (parasite in cat liter)
–infection (encephalitis), brain tumor

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23
Q

hydrocephalus can result in

A
  • brain damage, mental changes

- bulging eyes, tight scalp, prominent head vein

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24
Q

Encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain tissue

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25
Q

encephalitis is caused by

A
  • bacteria (staph, strep)
  • viruses
  • complication of measles or chicken pox
  • infections usually spread from upper respiratory tract, sinuses, ears, or eyes
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26
Q

Symptoms of Encephalitis

A
  • swelling of the brain
  • fever, headache, body aches, skin rash & swollen lymph nodes
  • severe infections - high fever, stiff neck, stupor (sleepiness), disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions, paralysis, & rarely death
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27
Q

death rate for encephalitis

A

3% to 15% (higher in elderly than in younger)

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28
Q

Neurosyphilis

A

late stages of syphilis often affect the brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

damage to the brain caused by neurosyphilis

A

–include general paresis (incomplete paralysis)

–can result in dementia, deafness, blindness, paralysis, insanity

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30
Q

damage to the spinal cord due to neurosyphilis

A

Tabes Dorsalis = slowly progressive degeneration of the spinal cord that occurs in late phase of syphilis, results in locomotive ataxia (wobbliness)

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31
Q

Cerebral Abscess

A

mass of immune cells, pus, and other material draining into deeper brain tissue

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32
Q

cerebral abscesses are usually from

A

bacterial or fungal infection

–bacteria can get to the brain from injury, respiratory tract, ear or eye infection

33
Q

Cerebral Abscess results in

A

•results in necrosis of healthy brain tissue

–encephalomalacia (brain softening)

34
Q

Encephalomyelitis

A

acute inflammation of the brain (encephalo-) & spinal cord (myelo-)
•can be caused by viruses which infect the nervous system

35
Q

acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

A

–occurs most commonly after acute viral infection such as measles (rubeola) autoimmune attack on nervous system

36
Q

Poliomyelitis (Polio=Infantile Paralysis)

A

inflammation of the spinal cord
•Highly infectious, mainly affects children under 5
•Spread through oral or fecal-oral route

37
Q

Poliomyelitis results in

A

–Fever, headache, sore throat, abdominal pain
–Stiffness of neck, trunk, extremities
–Atrophy of group of muscle
–Paralysis in hours (e.g., respiratory, GI tract or leg)

38
Q

Rabies

A

acute viral infection of the central nervous system of warm-blooded animals (wolves, cats, dogs)
•transmitted by bite of rabid animal (rabies=madness, rage, fury)
•if left untreated,100% fatal in animals

39
Q

Rabies results in

A

–hydrophobia (fear of water, attempts to drink water trigger laryngeal spasm)
–increase in saliva production
–abnormal behavior
–paralysis–> respiratory failure–>coma–>death

40
Q

Neuritis

A

inflammation of nerve or nerves

41
Q

etiology of neuritis

A

–injury – compression, contusion
–infection (tetanus, tuberculosis), inflammation
–chemical poisoning (arsenic, lead), medication
–neoplasm or stress

42
Q

symptoms of neuritis

A
  • headaches
  • hyperesthesia (hypersensitivity)
  • paresthesia (numbness, tingling)
  • dysesthesia (painful sensation)
  • muscular atrophy of part supplied by affected nerve,
  • paralysis
  • lack of reflexes
43
Q

Tetanus

A

acute, infectious, life-threatening bacterial disease that affects the nervous system,

44
Q

Tetanus is caused by

A

toxin produced by Clostridium tetani–>toxin attaches to motor neurons

45
Q

Tetanus results in

A

painful muscle contractions, particularly of jaw (lockjaw ) and neck muscles

46
Q

Tetanus is found in

A

animal feces, spores in soil

47
Q

Symptoms of Tetanus

A
  • painful, uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles
  • high fever
  • tachycardia (faster heartbeat)
  • dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
  • intense pain
48
Q

Epiliepsy

A

chronic neurogenic disease marked by sudden alterations in consciousness & convulsions
•a temporary lack of oxygen to vital brain centers
•recurrent seizures of unknown origin

49
Q

2 types of epilepsy

A

Petit mal seizure = small
•Loss of consciousness, usually for few seconds
•No memory of the seizure, no complications

Grand mal seizure = large
•Loss of consciousness, muscle rigidity, spasms of face, neck, arms, legs, person will thrash about

50
Q

epilepsy may result in

A

–cyanosis, breathing difficulty, tongue may be bitten, excess salivation, bloody froth or saliva
•Generally lasts for a few minutes

51
Q

Predisposing factors of epilepsy

A
  • Congenital abnormality of blood vessels in the brain

* Some disorders which block blood flow to the brain

52
Q

CNS: Degenerative Diseases

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • Parkinson’s syndrome
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease
53
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

progressive & fatal brain disease,
•named for German physician Alois Alzheimer
•most common type of dementia

54
Q

alzheimer’s disease is due to

A

formation of protein plaques, or tangles of nerve fibers in the brain that interfere with communication between nerve cells in the brain

55
Q

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • amnesia, impaired recognition, forgetfulness
  • emotional upsets, confusion, mood changes,
  • inability to concentrate, inability to complete simple tasks
  • irritability, agitation, restlessness , depression, hostility
  • motor disturbances, muscle rigidity, paralysis, apraxia (skilled movements)
56
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease

•destroys both: upper & lower motor neurons (brain & spinal cord)

57
Q

Symptoms of ALS

A

•cramps, muscle weakness, uncontrollable twitching

58
Q

Parkinson’s Syndrome

A

degenerative disorder of the central nervous system basal ganglia (nuclei) causing faulty nerve signal transmission
•insufficient dopamine

59
Q

Causes of Parkinson’s Syndrome

A
  • environmental toxins, no hereditary basis
  • trauma (often affect boxers),
  • tumors, prior infections, drugs, atherosclerosis (more common)
60
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s Syndrome

A
  • “tremors at rest”, rigidity of muscles, weakness of muscles, a forward lean
  • slurred speech
  • digestive and urinary difficulty
  • hypotension (low blood pressure)
  • In late stages: depression & dementia
61
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

degeneration of the brain and spinal cord

•autoimmune disease - body attacks its own myelin

62
Q

Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by

A

remissions and relapses and by the presence of sclerotic (hardening ) patches of demyelination
•softening of the spinal cord
•ages 25-40

63
Q

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

A 
•Loss of coordination (1st symptom)
•Optic disturbances
•Tremors
•disturbance in neural pathways
–local anesthesia and paralysis
•Respiratory problems
•Loss of bowel and bladder control
•Paralysis to the limbs
64
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

A

degenerative neurological disorder of the brain

  • very rare
  • incurable
  • rapid development (6-12 months)
  • possibly from eating infected beef
65
Q

cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

A

protein called a prion that folds abnormally, which affects its function

66
Q

Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

A

–personality changes, hallucinations,
–muscle twitching & stiffness
–lack of coordination
–speech impairment

67
Q

CNS: Congenital Disorders

A

Cerebral palsy
Microcephaly* - small brain
•occurs with Down’s Syndrome
Anencephaly* - no brain

68
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

motor disturbance present at birth, usually due to a congenital birth defect or birth trauma
-non-progressive, little or no mental damage

69
Q

symptoms of cerebral palsy

A

•limited motor skills, speech difficulties, learning disabilities

70
Q

CNS: Genetic Disorders

A

caused by gene mutations – permanent changes in the genetic material

–due to radiation, chemicals, viruses

71
Q

autosomal dominant disorders

A
  • Neurofibromatosis

- Huntington’s Disease

72
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

disorder of a particular tumor suppressor gene
–peripheral nerve benign tumor
–arise from fibrous coverings of nerves

73
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

neurological disorder that leads to progressive degeneration of brain cells–>loss of psychomotor control of body

74
Q

autosomal recessive disorders

A

Tay Sachs disease=lack of enzyme (hexosaminidase A) that helps break down a lipid found in nervous tissue called ganglioside

75
Q

Tay Sachs Disease is most common in

A

certain Eastern European Jewish population

76
Q

Gliomas

A

tumors originating in neuroglia of the brain or spinal cord
•most common type of brain tumor
•categorized by location & type of cells that originated the tumor

77
Q

Astrocytomas

A

astrocytes, in brain or spinal cord
–most common type of childhood brain tumor
–in cerebellum

78
Q

Meningioma

A
  • tumor of meninges (dura)
  • slow growing, most common in 40 & 50 year-old people
  • in cerebral hemispheres, under the skull
  • usually are separate from the brain & can be removed entirely during surgery
  • Can recur & certain types can be malignant
79
Q

Retinoblastoma

A 
malignant tumor of one or both eyes
•retinal cells
•Develops during infancy or early childhood
•Usually diagnosed by two years of age
•Probably hereditary

Pathology (17 decks)

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