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Pathology > Unit 14: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Unit 14: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Carry ova towards the uterus

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2
Q

Uterus

A

Pear-shaped muscular structure

-site of implantation of fertilized ovum and development of fetus

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3
Q

Cervix

A

Lower part of the uterus

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4
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

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5
Q

Vagina

A

Receives the penis during intercourse

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6
Q

Mammary glands

A

Produce milk during lactation

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7
Q

Ligaments

A

Supporting structures

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8
Q

Endometritis

A

Inflammation of the uterus

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9
Q

Acute endometritis

A 
Younger women
caused by:
-mechanical injury (trauma)
-abortion attempt
-retained placental infection (rare)
-neoplasm
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10
Q

Chronic endometritis

A 
Older women,menopausal
Caused by:
-scar tissue
-endometriosis
-neoplasms
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11
Q

Symptoms of both acute and chronic endometritis

A
  • bleeding
  • discharge
  • pelvic pain
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12
Q

Endometriosis

A

Abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

  • cause is unknown, Can be hereditary
  • use of tampons is discouraged
  • can result in obstruction & bleeding
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13
Q

Endocervicitis

A

Inflammation of the cervix

-cervix is lined by mucous membrane (not muscle)

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14
Q

Endocervicitis is caused by

A
  • infections, most commonly STDs
  • trauma during childbirth (tears)
  • abortion attempt
  • neoplasm
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15
Q

Endocervical cystitis

A

Formation of fluid filled cyst on the lining of the cervix

  • due to fluid retention
  • can be pre-cancerous
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16
Q

Benign neoplasms: Fibromas/Fibroids

A

Lumps in the uterus

  • probably caused by estrogen
  • often appear in multiples, vary in size
  • regress or calcify after menopause
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17
Q

Symptoms of fibromas\fibroids

A
  • abnormal bleeding
  • excessive menstrual bleeding
  • pain
  • abnormal sensation
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18
Q

Leiomyoma

A

in myometrium of the uterus

  • in 1/3 to 1/2 of all women over 35
  • grow larger under influence of estrogen and oral contraceptives
  • probably genetic – more common in African-American women
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19
Q

Malignant neoplasms: Leiomyosarcoma

A

Uterine cancer (smooth muscle)

  • 10% of all cancers
  • mostly in women 50 to 70 or women who have not had any children
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20
Q

Cervical cancer

A

Carcinoma of the uterine cervix

-fifth leading cause of death

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21
Q

Cervical cancer is caused by

A

-HPV (number one)
-multiple sex partners
-beginning sexual intercourse at an early age
Common symptom: uterine bleeding

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22
Q

Precocious Bleeding

A
  • bleeding before puberty

- caused by trauma, injury and infection

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23
Q

Menorrhagic Bleeding

A
  • excess bleeding during menstruation

- could be physiologic or menopausal

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24
Q

Menorrhagic bleeding is caused by

A

Neoplasm, infection, retained placenta, endometriosis, medication, portal cirrhosis

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25
Q

Metorrhagic Bleeding

A

-bleeding between periods

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26
Q

metorrhagic bleeding is caused by

A

Neoplasms (especially in women 40 and older) infection, endometriosis, stress, medications

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27
Q

Postmenopausal bleeding

A
  • bleeding after menopause

- Number one cause: neoplasms, polyps, endometriosis, infections,trauma

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28
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of endometrial glandular epithelium

  • can lead to endometrial adenocarcinoma
  • can cause menorrhagia or metorrhagia
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29
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes

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30
Q

Salpingitis is caused by

A
  • STD infections; Staphylococcus
  • scar tissue from prior infections
  • abortion attempt
  • Lithopedion
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31
Q

Symptoms of salpingitis

A
  • pelvic pain or discomfort, more common during ovulation

- possible bleeding

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32
Q

Complications of salpingitis

A
  • pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  • damage to tubes – –>scar tissue – –>tubual pregnancy–>tubual ovarian abscess–>rupture
  • hydrosalpinx-fluid collection in tube
  • pyosalpinx-pus collection in tube
  • sterility
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33
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

Inflammation of all or some of the reproductive organs

  • fever, chills, pain
  • leukorrhea-white, foul smelling vaginal discharge
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34
Q

oophoritis

A

Inflammation of the ovaries

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35
Q

oophoritis is caused by

A
  • infection from salpingitis, STDs, ovarian tube abscess, plus from fallopian tube to ovaries
  • cyst in ovary
  • scar tissue
  • ovarian cancer, usually cyst adenocarcinoma
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36
Q

Cyst adenocarcinoma

A
  • malignant; often bilateral

- very low survival rate, spreads quickly

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37
Q

Teratoma

A

Tumor that contains tissues not normally found in the organ from which arises

  • benign
  • most often in right ovary
  • May cause infertility and lead to cancer
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38
Q

Cystic teratomas

A

Contain skin and hair

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39
Q

Vaginitis

A

Inflammation of the vagina

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40
Q

Vaginitis is caused by

A
  • bacteria (Gardnerella), candida yeast, protozoa (trichomonas)
  • mechanical injury, chemical irritants (soaps, detergents), retained blood
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41
Q

Symptoms of vaginitis

A

Discharge, discomfort,irritation

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42
Q

Vaginal benign neoplasm

A

Polyps, fibroids, papillomas (warts)

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43
Q

Vaginal malignant neoplasm

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

  • in young girls whose mother used a synthetic hormone (DES) during pregnancy
  • very rare
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44
Q

Pathology of pregnancy

A

Conditions affecting the mother during or as a result of pregnancy

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45
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Fetus develops outside of the uterus

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46
Q

Tubule pregnancy

A

Pregnancy in fallopian tube

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47
Q

Cervical pregnancy

A

Pregnancy in the lower uterus, or cervix

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48
Q

Abdominal pregnancy

A

Pregnancy in the abdominal wall (due to ruptured fallopian tube)

49
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Pregnancy induced hypertension (a.k.a. Toxemia – misleading, no toxin is present)

50
Q

Proteinuria (albuminuria)

A

Proteins in urine

51
Q

If preeclampsia is neglected

A

Eclampsia–>symptoms of preeclampsia and convulsions

52
Q

When does preeclampsia usually appear?

A

During the third trimester

53
Q

Cause of preeclampsia is unknown; possibly due to

A
  • placental malfunction
  • poor prenatal care
  • obesity, diabetes
  • primigravid (first pregnancy)
  • Multiparity (multiple births, more than five)
54
Q

Mastitis

A

Inflammation of the breast tissue, usually occurs in the nipples

55
Q

Mastitis is caused by

A
  • injury, infection such as staff which can enter a nipple after injury (during breast-feeding)
  • neoplasms: breast tissue (nipples) become red, dry, flaky, swollen, irritated
56
Q

Ovaries

A

Secrete estrogen and progesterone, produce ova

57
Q

Fibrocystic disease

A

Formation of reoccurring cysts in the breast tissue

  • may calcify, form scars, or lumps in breast tissue
  • can be disfiguring
  • probably hereditary, can be precancerous
58
Q

Breast adenomas

A

Mixture of fat, glandular elements and stoma, benign breast lump

59
Q

Carcinoma (of the breast)

A

Malignant breast cancer

60
Q

Predisposing factors of adenomas & carcinoma (of the breast)

A

Hereditary, estrogen levels, viruses and radiation

61
Q

Symptoms of adenomas and carcinoma (of the breast)

A

Lumps in the breasts, below or above nipple, abnormal discharge or bleeding from the nipple

62
Q

If adenomas and carcinomas (of the breast) are not treated early…

A

metastasis from axillary lymph nodes into brain, bones, and liver

63
Q

Paget’s disease

A

cancer of the nipple

  • redness, irritation around nipple
  • discharge, bleeding
  • nipple recesses (sinks in)
64
Q

Postmortem conditions (female reproductive)

A
  • edema
  • rapid blood coagulation
  • infection
  • ascites
65
Q

testes

A

production of sperm & testosterone

66
Q

Epididymis

A

duct leading from each teste to excretory duct; stores sperm

67
Q

Prostate Gland

A

below urinary bladder, secretes part of semenal fluid

68
Q

Scrotum

A

sac that contains testes

69
Q

testicular carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of the testes

  • arising from sperm-forming tissue
  • common in males 15-54
  • rare, representing about 1% of cancers affecting men
70
Q

Predisposing factors of testicular carcinoma

A
  • cryptorchism

- inguinal hernia

71
Q

Seminoma

A

most common testicular malignancy

  • metastasize slowly
  • men in their 30s & 40s
  • spread to lymph nodes
72
Q

symptoms of seminoma

A

bleeding & swelling of testes–>infertility

73
Q

____% of testicular cancers are seminomas

A

40

74
Q

Orchitis

A

inflammation of one or both testes

75
Q

orchitis is caused by

A
  • trauma: mechanical or athletic injury
  • infections (bacterial or viral)
  • complication of epididymitis
76
Q

Symptoms of orchitis

A
  • swelling
  • pain
  • tenderness
  • fever
77
Q

cryptochism

A

undescended testes (usually one)

  • common in children
  • cause: premature birth
78
Q

complications of cryptorchism

A
  • sterility
  • strangulation
  • increased risk of testicular cancer
79
Q

Symptoms of Orchitis & Epididymitis

A
  • possible bleeding (in sperm)

- swelling & severe pain

80
Q

complications of orchitis & epididymitis

A

scar tissue, blockage, sterility

81
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of prostate gland

-more common in men over 50

82
Q

Prostatitis is caused by

A
  • STDs
  • ascending UTI, especially after catheterization
  • prostate hyperplasia
  • enlarged bladder
  • prostate cancer
83
Q

symptoms of prostatitis

A
  • dysuria
  • pyuria
  • fever
  • low back pain
84
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A

aka benign prostatic hypertrophy

  • non inflammatory enlargement of prostate
  • common in men over 50
  • probably caused by hormonal changes associated w/ aging
85
Q

Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A
  • frequent urination, weak urinary stream, urine retention, incontinence, hematuria
  • pressure on bladder & prostatic urethra
86
Q

Prostatic carcinoma

A

adenocarcinoa of the prostate
-age 50+
10% increase per year of age
-second cause of death

87
Q

Symptoms of Prostatic carcinoma

A
  • difficulty urinating
  • oliguria
  • lower back & pelvic pain
88
Q

Predisposing factors of prostatic carcinoma

A
  • prostatic hyperplasia

- testosterone levels

89
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

-burning upon urination

90
Q

urethritis is caused by

A

STDs such as gonorrhea (#1), UTIs, stones

91
Q

Varicose Veins (varicocele)

A

abnormal enlargement of the veins in the scrotum

92
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

intestine drops down into scrotum

  • caused by lifting heavy objects
  • results in hydrocele & pain
93
Q

Hydrocele

A

fluid in the scrotum

94
Q

Postmortem conditions (male reproductive system)

A
  • edema
  • rapid blood coagulation
  • discolorations
  • infection
95
Q

Bacterial STIs

A
  • gonorrhea
  • syphilis
  • chlamydia
96
Q

Viral STIs

A
  • HPV & genital warts
  • genital herpes
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Hepatitis B & C
97
Q

Gonorrhea

A

infection by Neisseria gonorrheae bacteria through sexual contact and child birth

98
Q

symptoms of gonorrhea

A

often asymptomatic, but some have symtoms:

  • discharge from vagina or penis (purulent)
  • inflammation of urethra (burning sensation when urinaing)
  • PID in females
  • may lead to sterility
99
Q

Syphilis

A

infection by Treponema pallidum bacteria through sexual or direct contact (chancre), or child birth

100
Q

symptoms of syphilis

A

in late stage, may lead to:

  • skin lesions & penetration of mucous membranes (secondary)
  • blindness
  • brain damage (neurosyphilis)–>mental disorders
  • spinal cord damage–>neurological problems
  • serious heart abnormalities–>heart failure
  • death
101
Q

Chlamydia

A

most common STI in US

infection by Chlamydia trachomatis through sexual contact or child birth

102
Q

symptoms of chlamydia

A

usually mild or absent

  • discharge from penis or vagina
  • burning sensation during urination
103
Q

Serious complications of chlamydia include

A

irreversible damage of female reproductive organs including infertility

104
Q

HPV (Warts)

A

one of the most common causes of STIs in the world

105
Q

Warts=Verruca

A

cellular hypertrophy, affects keratinocytes

106
Q

Genital warts

A

in genital area

-increase probability of developing cervical or penile cancer

107
Q

common warts

A

hands & fingers (children)

108
Q

Plantar warts

A

sole of foot

109
Q

Herpes

A

cause inflammation of skin & clusters of fluid-filled vesicles

110
Q

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2)

A
  • treated with acyclovir
  • cold sores: mouth & nose (HSV-1)
  • genital herpes: lesions on genital area (HSV-2 or HSV-1)
111
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
-infects helper or CD4 T lymphocytes that normally activate B lymphocytes

112
Q

AIDS indicator

A

low CD4 T lymphocyte count

113
Q

AIDS is transmitted by

A
  • unprotected anal or vaginal sex
  • sharing hypodermic needles
  • birth & breast feeding from infected mother
114
Q

HIV/AIDS: acute infection (HIV+)

A

may be misdiagnosed as influenza

115
Q

HIV/AIDS: asymptomatic (HIV+)

A

lower T cell-count

  • lack of energy, weight loss
  • frequent fever and sweats
  • may last 10-12 years
116
Q

Symptoms of HIV/AIDS: symptomatic (HIV+) AIDS

A

fungal infections, hepatitis, pancreatitis, opportunistic infections e.g.,
-pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
advanced stage-seizures, urinary & fecal incontinence, blindness, coma

117
Q

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

A

lung infection with protazoan, never been documented as cause of pneumonia in person with normal immunity

118
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

infection by protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis through sexual contact

119
Q

symptoms of trichomoniasis

A

men are usually asymptomatic

  • urethritis, epididymis, prostatits
  • vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse & urination
  • itching in genital area

Pathology (17 decks)

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