Unit 14: Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Fallopian tubes
A
Carry ova towards the uterus
2
Q
Uterus
A
Pear-shaped muscular structure
-site of implantation of fertilized ovum and development of fetus
3
Q
Cervix
A
Lower part of the uterus
4
Q
Layers of the uterus
A
Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
5
Q
Vagina
A
Receives the penis during intercourse
6
Q
Mammary glands
A
Produce milk during lactation
7
Q
Ligaments
A
Supporting structures
8
Q
Endometritis
A
Inflammation of the uterus
9
Q
Acute endometritis
A
Younger women caused by: -mechanical injury (trauma) -abortion attempt -retained placental infection (rare) -neoplasm
10
Q
Chronic endometritis
A
Older women,menopausal Caused by: -scar tissue -endometriosis -neoplasms
11
Q
Symptoms of both acute and chronic endometritis
A
- bleeding
- discharge
- pelvic pain
12
Q
Endometriosis
A
Abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
- cause is unknown, Can be hereditary
- use of tampons is discouraged
- can result in obstruction & bleeding
13
Q
Endocervicitis
A
Inflammation of the cervix
-cervix is lined by mucous membrane (not muscle)
14
Q
Endocervicitis is caused by
A
- infections, most commonly STDs
- trauma during childbirth (tears)
- abortion attempt
- neoplasm
15
Q
Endocervical cystitis
A
Formation of fluid filled cyst on the lining of the cervix
- due to fluid retention
- can be pre-cancerous
16
Q
Benign neoplasms: Fibromas/Fibroids
A
Lumps in the uterus
- probably caused by estrogen
- often appear in multiples, vary in size
- regress or calcify after menopause
17
Q
Symptoms of fibromas\fibroids
A
- abnormal bleeding
- excessive menstrual bleeding
- pain
- abnormal sensation
18
Q
Leiomyoma
A
in myometrium of the uterus
- in 1/3 to 1/2 of all women over 35
- grow larger under influence of estrogen and oral contraceptives
- probably genetic – more common in African-American women
19
Q
Malignant neoplasms: Leiomyosarcoma
A
Uterine cancer (smooth muscle)
- 10% of all cancers
- mostly in women 50 to 70 or women who have not had any children
20
Q
Cervical cancer
A
Carcinoma of the uterine cervix
-fifth leading cause of death
21
Q
Cervical cancer is caused by
A
-HPV (number one)
-multiple sex partners
-beginning sexual intercourse at an early age
Common symptom: uterine bleeding
22
Q
Precocious Bleeding
A
- bleeding before puberty
- caused by trauma, injury and infection
23
Q
Menorrhagic Bleeding
A
- excess bleeding during menstruation
- could be physiologic or menopausal
24
Q
Menorrhagic bleeding is caused by
A
Neoplasm, infection, retained placenta, endometriosis, medication, portal cirrhosis
25
Metorrhagic Bleeding
-bleeding between periods
26
metorrhagic bleeding is caused by
Neoplasms (especially in women 40 and older) infection, endometriosis, stress, medications
27
Postmenopausal bleeding
- bleeding after menopause
| - Number one cause: neoplasms, polyps, endometriosis, infections,trauma
28
Endometrial hyperplasia
Overgrowth of endometrial glandular epithelium
- can lead to endometrial adenocarcinoma
- can cause menorrhagia or metorrhagia
29
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the fallopian tubes
30
Salpingitis is caused by
- STD infections; Staphylococcus
- scar tissue from prior infections
- abortion attempt
- Lithopedion
31
Symptoms of salpingitis
- pelvic pain or discomfort, more common during ovulation
| - possible bleeding
32
Complications of salpingitis
- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- damage to tubes – –>scar tissue – –>tubual pregnancy-->tubual ovarian abscess-->rupture
- hydrosalpinx-fluid collection in tube
- pyosalpinx-pus collection in tube
- sterility
33
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Inflammation of all or some of the reproductive organs
- fever, chills, pain
- leukorrhea-white, foul smelling vaginal discharge
34
oophoritis
Inflammation of the ovaries
35
oophoritis is caused by
- infection from salpingitis, STDs, ovarian tube abscess, plus from fallopian tube to ovaries
- cyst in ovary
- scar tissue
- ovarian cancer, usually cyst adenocarcinoma
36
Cyst adenocarcinoma
- malignant; often bilateral
| - very low survival rate, spreads quickly
37
Teratoma
Tumor that contains tissues not normally found in the organ from which arises
- benign
- most often in right ovary
- May cause infertility and lead to cancer
38
Cystic teratomas
Contain skin and hair
39
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina
40
Vaginitis is caused by
- bacteria (Gardnerella), candida yeast, protozoa (trichomonas)
- mechanical injury, chemical irritants (soaps, detergents), retained blood
41
Symptoms of vaginitis
Discharge, discomfort,irritation
42
Vaginal benign neoplasm
Polyps, fibroids, papillomas (warts)
43
Vaginal malignant neoplasm
Squamous cell carcinoma
- in young girls whose mother used a synthetic hormone (DES) during pregnancy
- very rare
44
Pathology of pregnancy
Conditions affecting the mother during or as a result of pregnancy
45
Ectopic pregnancy
Fetus develops outside of the uterus
46
Tubule pregnancy
Pregnancy in fallopian tube
47
Cervical pregnancy
Pregnancy in the lower uterus, or cervix
48
Abdominal pregnancy
Pregnancy in the abdominal wall (due to ruptured fallopian tube)
49
Preeclampsia
Pregnancy induced hypertension (a.k.a. Toxemia – misleading, no toxin is present)
50
Proteinuria (albuminuria)
Proteins in urine
51
If preeclampsia is neglected
Eclampsia-->symptoms of preeclampsia and convulsions
52
When does preeclampsia usually appear?
During the third trimester
53
Cause of preeclampsia is unknown; possibly due to
- placental malfunction
- poor prenatal care
- obesity, diabetes
- primigravid (first pregnancy)
- Multiparity (multiple births, more than five)
54
Mastitis
Inflammation of the breast tissue, usually occurs in the nipples
55
Mastitis is caused by
- injury, infection such as staff which can enter a nipple after injury (during breast-feeding)
- neoplasms: breast tissue (nipples) become red, dry, flaky, swollen, irritated
56
Ovaries
Secrete estrogen and progesterone, produce ova
57
Fibrocystic disease
Formation of reoccurring cysts in the breast tissue
- may calcify, form scars, or lumps in breast tissue
- can be disfiguring
- probably hereditary, can be precancerous
58
Breast adenomas
Mixture of fat, glandular elements and stoma, benign breast lump
59
Carcinoma (of the breast)
Malignant breast cancer
60
Predisposing factors of adenomas & carcinoma (of the breast)
Hereditary, estrogen levels, viruses and radiation
61
Symptoms of adenomas and carcinoma (of the breast)
Lumps in the breasts, below or above nipple, abnormal discharge or bleeding from the nipple
62
If adenomas and carcinomas (of the breast) are not treated early...
metastasis from axillary lymph nodes into brain, bones, and liver
63
Paget's disease
cancer of the nipple
- redness, irritation around nipple
- discharge, bleeding
- nipple recesses (sinks in)
64
Postmortem conditions (female reproductive)
- edema
- rapid blood coagulation
- infection
- ascites
65
testes
production of sperm & testosterone
66
Epididymis
duct leading from each teste to excretory duct; stores sperm
67
Prostate Gland
below urinary bladder, secretes part of semenal fluid
68
Scrotum
sac that contains testes
69
testicular carcinoma
malignant neoplasm of the testes
- arising from sperm-forming tissue
- common in males 15-54
- rare, representing about 1% of cancers affecting men
70
Predisposing factors of testicular carcinoma
- cryptorchism
| - inguinal hernia
71
Seminoma
most common testicular malignancy
- metastasize slowly
- men in their 30s & 40s
- spread to lymph nodes
72
symptoms of seminoma
bleeding & swelling of testes-->infertility
73
____% of testicular cancers are seminomas
40
74
Orchitis
inflammation of one or both testes
75
orchitis is caused by
- trauma: mechanical or athletic injury
- infections (bacterial or viral)
- complication of epididymitis
76
Symptoms of orchitis
- swelling
- pain
- tenderness
- fever
77
cryptochism
undescended testes (usually one)
- common in children
- cause: premature birth
78
complications of cryptorchism
- sterility
- strangulation
- increased risk of testicular cancer
79
Symptoms of Orchitis & Epididymitis
- possible bleeding (in sperm)
| - swelling & severe pain
80
complications of orchitis & epididymitis
scar tissue, blockage, sterility
81
Prostatitis
Inflammation of prostate gland
| -more common in men over 50
82
Prostatitis is caused by
- STDs
- ascending UTI, especially after catheterization
- prostate hyperplasia
- enlarged bladder
- prostate cancer
83
symptoms of prostatitis
- dysuria
- pyuria
- fever
- low back pain
84
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
aka benign prostatic hypertrophy
- non inflammatory enlargement of prostate
- common in men over 50
- probably caused by hormonal changes associated w/ aging
85
Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- frequent urination, weak urinary stream, urine retention, incontinence, hematuria
- pressure on bladder & prostatic urethra
86
Prostatic carcinoma
adenocarcinoa of the prostate
-age 50+
10% increase per year of age
-second cause of death
87
Symptoms of Prostatic carcinoma
- difficulty urinating
- oliguria
- lower back & pelvic pain
88
Predisposing factors of prostatic carcinoma
- prostatic hyperplasia
| - testosterone levels
89
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
| -burning upon urination
90
urethritis is caused by
STDs such as gonorrhea (#1), UTIs, stones
91
Varicose Veins (varicocele)
abnormal enlargement of the veins in the scrotum
92
Inguinal hernia
intestine drops down into scrotum
- caused by lifting heavy objects
- results in hydrocele & pain
93
Hydrocele
fluid in the scrotum
94
Postmortem conditions (male reproductive system)
- edema
- rapid blood coagulation
- discolorations
- infection
95
Bacterial STIs
- gonorrhea
- syphilis
- chlamydia
96
Viral STIs
- HPV & genital warts
- genital herpes
- HIV/AIDS
- Hepatitis B & C
97
Gonorrhea
infection by Neisseria gonorrheae bacteria through sexual contact and child birth
98
symptoms of gonorrhea
often asymptomatic, but some have symtoms:
- discharge from vagina or penis (purulent)
- inflammation of urethra (burning sensation when urinaing)
- PID in females
- may lead to sterility
99
Syphilis
infection by Treponema pallidum bacteria through sexual or direct contact (chancre), or child birth
100
symptoms of syphilis
in late stage, may lead to:
- skin lesions & penetration of mucous membranes (secondary)
- blindness
- brain damage (neurosyphilis)-->mental disorders
- spinal cord damage-->neurological problems
- serious heart abnormalities-->heart failure
- death
101
Chlamydia
most common STI in US
| infection by Chlamydia trachomatis through sexual contact or child birth
102
symptoms of chlamydia
usually mild or absent
- discharge from penis or vagina
- burning sensation during urination
103
Serious complications of chlamydia include
irreversible damage of female reproductive organs including infertility
104
HPV (Warts)
one of the most common causes of STIs in the world
105
Warts=Verruca
cellular hypertrophy, affects keratinocytes
106
Genital warts
in genital area
| -increase probability of developing cervical or penile cancer
107
common warts
hands & fingers (children)
108
Plantar warts
sole of foot
109
Herpes
cause inflammation of skin & clusters of fluid-filled vesicles
110
Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2)
- treated with acyclovir
- cold sores: mouth & nose (HSV-1)
- genital herpes: lesions on genital area (HSV-2 or HSV-1)
111
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
-infects helper or CD4 T lymphocytes that normally activate B lymphocytes
112
AIDS indicator
low CD4 T lymphocyte count
113
AIDS is transmitted by
- unprotected anal or vaginal sex
- sharing hypodermic needles
- birth & breast feeding from infected mother
114
HIV/AIDS: acute infection (HIV+)
may be misdiagnosed as influenza
115
HIV/AIDS: asymptomatic (HIV+)
lower T cell-count
- lack of energy, weight loss
- frequent fever and sweats
- may last 10-12 years
116
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS: symptomatic (HIV+) AIDS
fungal infections, hepatitis, pancreatitis, opportunistic infections e.g.,
-pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
advanced stage-seizures, urinary & fecal incontinence, blindness, coma
117
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
lung infection with protazoan, never been documented as cause of pneumonia in person with normal immunity
118
Trichomoniasis
infection by protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis through sexual contact
119
symptoms of trichomoniasis
men are usually asymptomatic
- urethritis, epididymis, prostatits
- vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse & urination
- itching in genital area
