Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Unit 2: Cellular Reaction to Injury > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cellular Reaction to Injury Flashcards

0
Q

Apotptosis

A

programmed cell death (in epidermis & GI epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

cellular changes

A

passive, regressive cell alteration that may result in Apoptosis or Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Necrosis

A

cell death caused by disease. can lead to cell & tissue death without replacement. (Progeria & Werner’s syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Progeria & Werner’s syndrome

A

rare genetic diseases associated with early aging & short life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Etiology of Cellular Changes

A
  • heart disease
  • reduction of oxygen to cells
  • nutritional defiencies
  • poisons
  • infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Degeneration

A

(intracellular=in a cell) deterioration or impairment of an organ, tissue or cell resulting in appearance of substances within the cell that are normally absent (degenerative neural diseases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Infiltration

A

(intercellular=cells) abnormal passing into and deposit of substances in cell, tissue, or organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of Degeneration

A
  • cellular swelling
  • fatty degeneration
  • amyloid degeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Infiltration Types

A
  • fatty infiltration
  • colloid degeneration (jellylike)
  • Pigmentation
  • calcification
  • gout
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cellular swelling

A

increase in cell water content due to mild cell injury that allows intracellular sodium to rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fatty degeneration

A

deposit of abnormal amounts of fat in cells (diseased liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

amyloid degeneration

A

deposition of amyloid (starchlike protein) in organ or tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amyloid degeneration structures are ______ &_______ and have hyaline appearance.

A

waxy & translucent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Amyloid degeneration usually takes place on _____, ______,______ and ________ ________

A

liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fatty Infiltration

A

deposit of fat tissues often due to poisons or diet and occurs mostly in the liver, kidneys, and heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Colloid degeneration-jellylike

A

disorganization of tissues

lungs- anthracosis: lung-dust disease due to inhalation of coal pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pigmentation

A

increase or decrease in pigment deposit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Exogenous Pigmentation

A

pigment transmitted from outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

carotenemia

A

carotene in blood; resulting in discoloration of the liver and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

plumbism

A

due to lead poisoning—discoloration to gums, damage to brain & other internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Endogenous Pigmentation

A

pigment preset inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

examples of endogenous pigmentation

A
  • changes in retina of the eye (diabetes)
  • melanosis (moles, freckles, melanoma)
  • albanism
  • jaundice (icterus=bile pigments)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

calcification

A

calcium deposits (lime salts) in tissue, usually surrounded by bacteria, necrotic cells, mucous, and foreign materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

choleliths

A

gallstones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
renaliths (renal calculi)
kidney stones
25
vesical calculi
bladder stones
26
fecaliths
stones in the intestine
27
rhinoliths
stone formation in the nasal cavity
28
pneumoliths
stone formation in the lungs
29
lithopedion
stone baby-calcified fetus, usually in fallopian tubes
30
Gout
primary- chronic metabolic disorder associated with blood uric acid level
31
Necrosis Etiology
- mechanical injury (trauma) - interference with proper nutrition - heat or cold - loss of nerve supply - little or no oxygen delivered to tissues - drug or bacterial toxins, or viruses
32
Types of necrotic tissue is based on what?
appearance of necrotic tissue
33
gangrene
caused by a lack of blood supply.
34
Coagulative Necrosis
degeneration of proteins---tissue becomes dry, firm, forms yellowish mass. Most common, occurs due to ischemia, infarct, or heat.
35
Caseous Necrosis
result of certain infections such as tuberculosis. tissue has creamy-white, "cheesy" appearance (flaky,crumbly)
36
Liquefactive Necrosis
tissues liquefy due to infections. Necrotic tissue softens, becomes wet.
37
Ischemic Necrosis
death of a tissue due to lack of blood supply (common complication of healing) tissue is dry, firm, blackened, mummified appearance as in diabetics and frostbite.
38
Gangrene Etiology
- infection - insufficient blood supply - most common in lower extremities
39
gangrene consequences
- ischemia | - putrefaction
40
Dry (Ischemic necrosis) Ganngrene
results from obstruction of arterial blood flow; with or without invasion of bacteria, usually in extremities
41
Symptoms of Dry Gangrene
- tissue is dry, shrunken, dark black - resembles mummified flesh - as in diabetics
42
Moist (Wet) Gangrene
results from inadequate venous drainage; occurs in naturally moist tissue and organs such as mouth, intestines, lungs, cervix & vulva. often in extremities or areas of bedsores.
43
Moist (Wet) Gangrene Etiology
- following ischemia or infarction | - invasion by saprogenic microorganisms (feed on dead organic matter)
44
Symptoms of Moist (wet) Gangrene
- swelling of tissue (edema) - tissue site is cold & has no pulse - moist black skin under tension - liquefaction, foul odor - condition spreads
45
Gas Gangrene
similar to moist, but caused by anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens
46
Symptoms of gas gangrene
- same as for moist gangrene - crepitation - severe tissue necrosis - sepsis - toxemia
47
Necrobiosis
Physiologic (natural) death of cells and tissues with replacement
48
Atrophy
Decrease in size of organ or part of body
49
Physiological atrophy
Normal, resulting from physiologic conditions such as hormonal changes or senility (skin changes). ex: shrinkage of uterus due to menopause
50
Pathological atrophy
``` Due to a disease: -inadequate nutrition (insufficient blood supply) -pressure on bones or organs, or disuse -loss of nerve supply (muscle paralysis) -loss of endocrine stimulation (chronic atrophic gastritis) ```
51
Hypertrophy
increase in size of a tissue or organ as a result of an increase in cell size.
52
Physiological hypertrophy
Normal physiological adaptation to increased functional demand. (enlargement of breasts during lactation.)
53
Pathological hypertrophy
Result of disease | increase in size of the myocardium due to valvular defect or arteriosclerosis
54
Compensatory hypertrophy
Increase in size of organ or tissue to perform the work of destroyed tissue or paired organ (kidneys, lungs, adrenal glands)
55
Hyperplasia
increase in size of tissue or organ due to increase in cell number
56
Physiological hyperplasia
ex. uterine hyperplasia at puberty
57
Pathological hyperplasia
ex. prostatic hyperplasia--can lead to prostate cancer, | also adrenal gland hyperplasia
58
Regeneration
tissue repair leading to restoration of normal function
59
Physiological regeneration
Restoration of tissue elements under normal condition
60
Pathological regeneration
Replacement of lost tissue as a result of trauma or infection (scars)
61
Somatic Death
cessation of vital activities of the body resulting in cell degeneration, necrosis, or atrophy. can lead to organ failure & organ or system shut down--(eventual somatic death=total body death)
62
Somatic changes =pertaining to the _____ ______
whole body
63
signs of somatic changes...
- no heart sounds, no pulse, no active blood flow - no respiration--no exhalation of carbon dioxide - facial and eye changes due to lack of innervation & blood supply (eyes glazed, pale ashen skin, sunken eyes, thin nose, prominent lips) - complete muscle relaxation.
64
Cadaveric changes
seen after somatic death
65
signs of cadaveric changes
-algor mortis: cooling of the body (reaches environmental temp in about 24 hrs. post mortem) -rigor mortis: stiffening of the body (4-12 hrs after death w/ eyelids, jaw, head & limbs) (usually lasts 24-36 hrs) - livor mortis: (livor--bluish color); hypostasis, accumulation of blood in organs--dark red discoloration in tissue (1-6 hrs after death) - putrefaction: due to autolysis of dead tissue & bacterial growth (begins in abdomen & affects the brain early)
66
Aplasia
Congenital absence of an organ or other part. in hematology, incomplete or defective development or a cessation of regeneration;failure of an organ or tissue to develop normally.
67
-ase
Suffix meaning enzyme
68
Antagonism
Mutual opposition or contrary action. The inhibition of one bacterial organism by another.
69
Ante-
Prefix meaning before
70
Anti-
Prefix meaning against
71
Antibody
Glycoprotein substance developed in response to, and interacting specifically with an antigen. also known as immunoglobulin.
72
Antigen
A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it
73
Antisepsis
The prevention of sepsis by preventing or inhibiting the growth of causative microorganisms
74
Attenuation
Dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity
75
Arteriosclerosis
Disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
76
Arteritis
Inflammation, usually of a chronic progressive character, involving an artery or arteries
77
arthro-
Prefix meaning joint
78
Ascites
Accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity.
79
Asphyxia
Loss of consciousness from deficient oxygen
80
Arthrosclerosis
A form of arteriosclerosis marked by the deposition of lipids in the inner layer of arterial walls
81
Autotrophic bacteria
Self nourishing bacteria that are capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds. Organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide
82
Avulsion
A tearing away
83
Bacillus (bacilli)
Any rod shaped microorganism
84
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria in the bloodstream
85
Bacteria
A prokaryotic one celled microorganism of the kingdom Monara, existing as free living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range of biochemical properties
86
Crepitation
stretching of tissue due to gas production by the bacteria (gas gangrene)
87
Sepsis
whole-body inflammatory state caused by infection (gas gangrene)

Pathology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions