Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Unit 2: Cellular Reaction to Injury > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cellular Reaction to Injury Flashcards

0
Q

Apotptosis

A

programmed cell death (in epidermis & GI epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

cellular changes

A

passive, regressive cell alteration that may result in Apoptosis or Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Necrosis

A

cell death caused by disease. can lead to cell & tissue death without replacement. (Progeria & Werner’s syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Progeria & Werner’s syndrome

A

rare genetic diseases associated with early aging & short life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Etiology of Cellular Changes

A
  • heart disease
  • reduction of oxygen to cells
  • nutritional defiencies
  • poisons
  • infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Degeneration

A

(intracellular=in a cell) deterioration or impairment of an organ, tissue or cell resulting in appearance of substances within the cell that are normally absent (degenerative neural diseases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Infiltration

A

(intercellular=cells) abnormal passing into and deposit of substances in cell, tissue, or organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of Degeneration

A
  • cellular swelling
  • fatty degeneration
  • amyloid degeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Infiltration Types

A
  • fatty infiltration
  • colloid degeneration (jellylike)
  • Pigmentation
  • calcification
  • gout
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cellular swelling

A

increase in cell water content due to mild cell injury that allows intracellular sodium to rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fatty degeneration

A

deposit of abnormal amounts of fat in cells (diseased liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

amyloid degeneration

A

deposition of amyloid (starchlike protein) in organ or tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amyloid degeneration structures are ______ &_______ and have hyaline appearance.

A

waxy & translucent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Amyloid degeneration usually takes place on _____, ______,______ and ________ ________

A

liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fatty Infiltration

A

deposit of fat tissues often due to poisons or diet and occurs mostly in the liver, kidneys, and heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Colloid degeneration-jellylike

A

disorganization of tissues

lungs- anthracosis: lung-dust disease due to inhalation of coal pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pigmentation

A

increase or decrease in pigment deposit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Exogenous Pigmentation

A

pigment transmitted from outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

carotenemia

A

carotene in blood; resulting in discoloration of the liver and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

plumbism

A

due to lead poisoning—discoloration to gums, damage to brain & other internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Endogenous Pigmentation

A

pigment preset inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

examples of endogenous pigmentation

A
  • changes in retina of the eye (diabetes)
  • melanosis (moles, freckles, melanoma)
  • albanism
  • jaundice (icterus=bile pigments)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

calcification

A

calcium deposits (lime salts) in tissue, usually surrounded by bacteria, necrotic cells, mucous, and foreign materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

choleliths

A

gallstones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

renaliths (renal calculi)

A

kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

vesical calculi

A

bladder stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

fecaliths

A

stones in the intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

rhinoliths

A

stone formation in the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

pneumoliths

A

stone formation in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

lithopedion

A

stone baby-calcified fetus, usually in fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gout

A

primary- chronic metabolic disorder associated with blood uric acid level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Necrosis Etiology

A
  • mechanical injury (trauma)
  • interference with proper nutrition
  • heat or cold
  • loss of nerve supply
  • little or no oxygen delivered to tissues
  • drug or bacterial toxins, or viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Types of necrotic tissue is based on what?

A

appearance of necrotic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

gangrene

A

caused by a lack of blood supply.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A

degeneration of proteins—tissue becomes dry, firm, forms yellowish mass. Most common, occurs due to ischemia, infarct, or heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

result of certain infections such as tuberculosis. tissue has creamy-white, “cheesy” appearance (flaky,crumbly)

36
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis

A

tissues liquefy due to infections. Necrotic tissue softens, becomes wet.

37
Q

Ischemic Necrosis

A

death of a tissue due to lack of blood supply (common complication of healing) tissue is dry, firm, blackened, mummified appearance as in diabetics and frostbite.

38
Q

Gangrene Etiology

A
  • infection
  • insufficient blood supply
  • most common in lower extremities
39
Q

gangrene consequences

A
  • ischemia

- putrefaction

40
Q

Dry (Ischemic necrosis) Ganngrene

A

results from obstruction of arterial blood flow; with or without invasion of bacteria, usually in extremities

41
Q

Symptoms of Dry Gangrene

A
  • tissue is dry, shrunken, dark black
  • resembles mummified flesh
  • as in diabetics
42
Q

Moist (Wet) Gangrene

A

results from inadequate venous drainage; occurs in naturally moist tissue and organs such as mouth, intestines, lungs, cervix & vulva. often in extremities or areas of bedsores.

43
Q

Moist (Wet) Gangrene Etiology

A
  • following ischemia or infarction

- invasion by saprogenic microorganisms (feed on dead organic matter)

44
Q

Symptoms of Moist (wet) Gangrene

A
  • swelling of tissue (edema)
  • tissue site is cold & has no pulse
  • moist black skin under tension
  • liquefaction, foul odor
  • condition spreads
45
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

similar to moist, but caused by anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens

46
Q

Symptoms of gas gangrene

A
  • same as for moist gangrene
  • crepitation
  • severe tissue necrosis
  • sepsis
  • toxemia
47
Q

Necrobiosis

A

Physiologic (natural) death of cells and tissues with replacement

48
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size of organ or part of body

49
Q

Physiological atrophy

A

Normal, resulting from physiologic conditions such as hormonal changes or senility (skin changes). ex: shrinkage of uterus due to menopause

50
Q

Pathological atrophy

A 
Due to a disease:
-inadequate nutrition (insufficient blood supply)
-pressure on bones or organs, or disuse
-loss of nerve supply (muscle paralysis)
-loss of endocrine stimulation 
(chronic atrophic gastritis)
51
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in size of a tissue or organ as a result of an increase in cell size.

52
Q

Physiological hypertrophy

A

Normal physiological adaptation to increased functional demand. (enlargement of breasts during lactation.)

53
Q

Pathological hypertrophy

A

Result of disease

increase in size of the myocardium due to valvular defect or arteriosclerosis

54
Q

Compensatory hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of organ or tissue to perform the work of destroyed tissue or paired organ (kidneys, lungs, adrenal glands)

55
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in size of tissue or organ due to increase in cell number

56
Q

Physiological hyperplasia

A

ex. uterine hyperplasia at puberty

57
Q

Pathological hyperplasia

A

ex. prostatic hyperplasia–can lead to prostate cancer,

also adrenal gland hyperplasia

58
Q

Regeneration

A

tissue repair leading to restoration of normal function

59
Q

Physiological regeneration

A

Restoration of tissue elements under normal condition

60
Q

Pathological regeneration

A

Replacement of lost tissue as a result of trauma or infection (scars)

61
Q

Somatic Death

A

cessation of vital activities of the body resulting in cell degeneration, necrosis, or atrophy. can lead to organ failure & organ or system shut down–(eventual somatic death=total body death)

62
Q

Somatic changes =pertaining to the _____ ______

A

whole body

63
Q

signs of somatic changes…

A
  • no heart sounds, no pulse, no active blood flow
  • no respiration–no exhalation of carbon dioxide
  • facial and eye changes due to lack of innervation & blood supply (eyes glazed, pale ashen skin, sunken eyes, thin nose, prominent lips)
  • complete muscle relaxation.
64
Q

Cadaveric changes

A

seen after somatic death

65
Q

signs of cadaveric changes

A

-algor mortis: cooling of the body (reaches environmental temp in about 24 hrs. post mortem)

-rigor mortis: stiffening of the body
(4-12 hrs after death w/ eyelids, jaw, head & limbs)
(usually lasts 24-36 hrs)

  • livor mortis: (livor–bluish color); hypostasis, accumulation of blood in organs–dark red discoloration in tissue (1-6 hrs after death)
  • putrefaction: due to autolysis of dead tissue & bacterial growth (begins in abdomen & affects the brain early)
66
Q

Aplasia

A

Congenital absence of an organ or other part. in hematology, incomplete or defective development or a cessation of regeneration;failure of an organ or tissue to develop normally.

67
Q

-ase

A

Suffix meaning enzyme

68
Q

Antagonism

A

Mutual opposition or contrary action. The inhibition of one bacterial organism by another.

69
Q

Ante-

A

Prefix meaning before

70
Q

Anti-

A

Prefix meaning against

71
Q

Antibody

A

Glycoprotein substance developed in response to, and interacting specifically with an antigen. also known as immunoglobulin.

72
Q

Antigen

A

A foreign substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it

73
Q

Antisepsis

A

The prevention of sepsis by preventing or inhibiting the growth of causative microorganisms

74
Q

Attenuation

A

Dilution or weakening of the virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing pathogenicity

75
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls

76
Q

Arteritis

A

Inflammation, usually of a chronic progressive character, involving an artery or arteries

77
Q

arthro-

A

Prefix meaning joint

78
Q

Ascites

A

Accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity.

79
Q

Asphyxia

A

Loss of consciousness from deficient oxygen

80
Q

Arthrosclerosis

A

A form of arteriosclerosis marked by the deposition of lipids in the inner layer of arterial walls

81
Q

Autotrophic bacteria

A

Self nourishing bacteria that are capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds. Organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide

82
Q

Avulsion

A

A tearing away

83
Q

Bacillus (bacilli)

A

Any rod shaped microorganism

84
Q

Bacteremia

A

The presence of viable bacteria in the bloodstream

85
Q

Bacteria

A

A prokaryotic one celled microorganism of the kingdom Monara, existing as free living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range of biochemical properties

86
Q

Crepitation

A

stretching of tissue due to gas production by the bacteria (gas gangrene)

87
Q

Sepsis

A

whole-body inflammatory state caused by infection (gas gangrene)

Pathology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions