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Pathology > Unit 17 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Unit 17 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone Features

A
  • chemical messengers produced and secreted by endocrine organs and glands
  • produced in small amount by specialized cells
  • secreted into blood and transported by circulatory system
  • Act on target tissues at another site
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2
Q

Endocrine organs and glands

A

communicate with other organs via

  • central and peripheral nervous system
  • hormones
  • cytokines
  • growth factors
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3
Q

endocrine organs and glands include

A
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • gonads
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4
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • at the base of the brain
  • controlled by hypothalamus
  • regulates activity of other glands and organs
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5
Q

Anterior Pituitary (hypopituitarism)

A

due to hypofunction or hyposecretion
-hereditary, malignant brain tumor, encephalitis, inflammation, or
Vascular changes in pituitary

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6
Q

Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

secretes hormones ADH and oxytocin

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7
Q

Functions of endocrine system

A

Production, storage, and secretions of hormones that control and regulate:

  • growth and development
  • metabolism & tissue maturation
  • electrolyte (ion) and water balance
  • inflammation and immune response
  • heart rate and blood pressure
  • level blood glucose and other nutrients
  • reproductive functions
  • muscle and fat distribution
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8
Q

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency in children

A

•pituitary dwarfism

–growth retardation, microcephaly, usually normal body proportions

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9
Q

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency in adults

A

•pituitary cachexia (complete atrophy of pituitary gland)

–emaciation (extremely lean), premature aging, loss of function of thyroid, adrenals, gonads

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10
Q

Hyperpituitarism in children

A

•giantism (gigantism)
–accelerated linear growth prior to closure of epiphyseal growth plate (hands and feet large)
–usually caused by pituitary benign tumor

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11
Q

Hyperpituitarism in adults

A

•acromegaly
–after fusion of growth plate
–usually caused by pituitary or hypothalamic tumor, or nonendocrine malignant tumor
–weight gain, growth of soft tissues, enlargement of small bones of hands, feet, face, and skull

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12
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

decreased secretion (hyposecretion) or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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13
Q

Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus

A

excess fluid loss, polyuri a (overproduction of urine) dehydration, heart problems, kidney failure

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14
Q

Diabetes Insipidus is caused by

A

destruction of posterior pituitary or defects in kidneys

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15
Q

Thyroid gland

A 
•Neck region
•Secrete hormones
–T3 (triiodothyronine)
–T4 (thyroxine= tetraiodothyronine)
– calcitonin
•regulate body growth and metabolism
•regulate blood level of calcium
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16
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • may affect almost all body functions

* caused by chemicals, radiation, cancer, autoimmune disease, removal of thyroid gland or disease of pituitary gland

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17
Q

Hypothyroidism in infants

A

cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)
•due to hypoplasia or aplasia
•growth and mental retardation (also low GH)

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18
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults

A

obesity, weight gain, slow metabolism

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19
Q

Endemic goiter

A

enlargement of thyroid gland usually due to lack of sufficient iodine

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20
Q

myxedema

A

result of acute illness, trauma or surgical removal of thyroid

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21
Q

Hyperthyroidism In children

A

increased body size (rapid growth)

22
Q

Hyperthyroidism in adults

A

Graves’ disease

23
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Autoimmune disease

abnormal antibodies similar to TSH mimic its function and continuously stimulate release of thyroid hormones

24
Q

toxic goiter

A

disfigurement/ swelling in neck

25
Q

Exophthalmos

A

protrusion of eyeballs, fibrous tissue become edematous (swollen)

26
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Paired, sit on top of kidneys

27
Q

Adrenal glands produce and secrete

A

•Cortical hormones (steroid hormones) and Medullary hormones

28
Q

Addison’s disease (hypoadrenalism)

A

Deficiency of cortical hormones ( more common in females)

-results in weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and increased skin pigmentation

29
Q

Cushings syndrome (hyperadrenalism)

A

Increased secretion of cortical hormones

-abdominal striae (stretch marks)

30
Q

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (hyperadrenalism)

A

Acute adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhage into adrenal gland

31
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Epinephrine & norephinepherine producing tumor in adrenal medulla

32
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Four (or more) tiny glands located on posterior part of thyroid gland
-regulates calcium and potassium levels in blood

33
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Excess of PTH in the blood

34
Q

Hyperparathyroidism can result in complications such as

A
  • arteriosclerosis
  • kidney stones
  • calcification of organ walls
  • spontaneous fractures
35
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Caused by resection of thyroid gland or exposure of parathyroid gland to heavy metals
-results in hypocalcemia

36
Q

Tetany

A

Sustained muscle contraction

37
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

Facial muscle spasm

38
Q

trosseau’s sign

A

Arm muscle spasm

39
Q

Pancreas

A

Below the stomach, produces and secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar level

40
Q

Hyposecretion of the pancreas causes

A
  • gestational diabetes

- diabetes mellitus

41
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone

42
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1

A

Juvenile onset

  • 10-14 yrs old
  • total or near total absence of insulin
43
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 2

A

Associated with variable degrees of insulin resistance

44
Q

Complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus

A
  • abscess from infections
  • dermopthy
  • blisters
  • ulcers
  • yellow skin and nails
45
Q

Gonads

A

Males: testes-produce sperm and secrete testosterone
Females: ovaries- produce ova and secrete estrogen

46
Q

Hypergonadism

A

Abnormal increased activity of gonads before puberty-early onset of puberty
-more common in males

47
Q

Hypergonadism in males

A

Aggressive behavior and increased risk of testicular cancer

48
Q

Hypergonadism in females

A

May increase risk of ovarian cancer

49
Q

Hypogonadism

A 
Decreased activity of gonads 
Results in
-delayed onset puberty
-regression of secondary sexual characteristics 
-sterility
50
Q

Hypogonadism in males

A

born without testes, or testes fail to descend

51
Q

Hypogonadism in females

A

Missing or underdeveloped ovaries

52
Q

Postmortem conditions

A
  • edema
  • discoloration
  • deformities
  • interference of circulation
  • hemorrhage

Pathology (17 decks)

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